children

Given the unique stresses inherent in raising a child with autism, mothers may find it challenging to maintain a positive sense of self-efficacy. This study sought to determine the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on self-efficacy of mothers of children with autism. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study included mothers of children with autism in Isfahan from among whom 30 individuals were selected via convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental (N=15) and control (N=15) groups. Due to subject attrition, the sample size reduced to 10 and 12 in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The data were collected by Berkeley Parenting Self-Efficacy Scale- Second Grade Version (Holloway et al., 2005). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of ACT, while the control group received no intervention. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that ACT was effective in increasing self-efficacy and its components (responsibility,  self-management, accepting child as an individual, and positive evaluation about child) among mothers of children with autism (p<0.05). Findings suggest that ACT can be effective in promoting self-efficacy of mothers of children with autism and may have promise in helping mothers better adjust to the difficulties in raising such children.

 روانی که به مادران کودکان اوتیسم وارد می
شود،
منجر به کاهش خودکارآمدی این
مادران می
شود
. پژوهش حاضر با
هدف
تعیین
تأثیر
درمان
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
بر
خودکارآمدی مادران
دارای
کودک
اوتیسم
انجام
گرفت
ه است
.
پژوهش
حاضر
از
نوع
نیمه
آزمایشی
با
پیش
آزمون
-
پس
آزمون
و
گروه
گواه
بود.
جامعه
آماری پژوهش
را
مادران
دارای
کودک
اوتیسم
شهر
اصفهان
تشکیل
دادند
که
از
میان
آنان
03
نفر
به
روش
نمونه
گیری
در
دسترس
انتخاب
شدند
و
با گمارش
تصادفی
بهدو
گروه
آزمایشی
(15
نفر)
و
گواه
(15
نفر)
تقسیم
شدند
.
به دلیل ریزش نمونه،
13
نفر در گروه آزمایش و
11
نفر در
گروه گواه باقی
ماندند.
ابزار
پژوهش،
مقیاس
خودکارآمدی
مادران
برکلی
ساختة
هالووی
و
همکاران
(
1335
)بود.
گروه
آزمایش
هشت
جلسه
۰3
دقیقه
ای
درمان
گروهی
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
را دریافت کردند
و
برای
گروه
گواه
هیچ
مداخله
ای
اعمال
نشد.
داده
هابا
بهره
گیری
از
تحلیل
کو
واریانس
چندمتغیره
(مانکوا)
تجزیه
وتحلیل
شد
ند
. نتایج
نشان
داد
که
درمان
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
بر
افزایش
خودکارآمدی
و
مؤلفه
های
آن
(مسئولیت
پذیری، خودمدیریتی، پذیرش
فرزند و ارزیابی مثبت فرزند)
در
مادران دارا
ی
کودک
اوتیسم
مؤثر
بوده است
(35/3>p
.)
از این رو
می
توان
گفت
درمان
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
می
تواند
در
افزایش
خودکارآمدی
مادران
دارای
کودک
اوتیسم
مؤثر
باشد و
از
طریق
این
نوع
درمان
می
توان
به
مادران
دارای
کودکان
اوتیسم
کمک
کرد

Background and Aim: Children's hearing loss affects not only their speech and language development but also their mothers’ mental health. This study aimed to determine the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on the intolerance of uncertainty and experiential avoidance of mothers with hearing-impaired or deaf children.
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population comprised all mothers of hearing-impaired or deaf children (2−6 years old) in Tabriz City, Iran. Using a purposive sampling method, 32 mothers of hearing-impaired or deaf children were selected and then randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (each group, 16 subjects). The experimental group was treated with ACT in 8 sessions of 1.5 hours long in two weeks. The study data were collected by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS).
Results: The results showed that ACT significantly increased scores on the AAQ-II and IUS in the experimental group compared to the
control group (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: ACT might be an efficient way to decrease intolerance of uncertainty and avoidance of experience in the mothers of hearing-impaired and deaf children. Also, therapists can use this approach for improving the intolerance of uncertainty and experiential avoidance in mothers of hearing-impaired or deaf children in rehabilitation centers.
 

Background and Objective: Veterans, their spouses and their children suffer from persistent pain and suffering. Many of them face many problems, including mental, physical, and economic, and therefore their general health is likely to be in danger. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on self-differentiation and mental health among veterans' children.

Materials and Methods: This research was of semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, control group and follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all daughters of veterans who were high schoolstudents. Among the statistical population, 80 students were selected and after the implementation of the GQH-28 questionnaire, and 60 students who with middle and low scores were selected and randomly assigned to two groups, 30 students in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. The experimental group underwent eight sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy. Before and after intervention and the follow-up, tests were performed on groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using covariance analysis.

Results: The mean (SD) age of the experimental group was 16.31 (0.7) and the control group was 16.22 (0.6). The mean (SD) self-differentiation score in the pre-test of the experimental group increased from 1332 (18.1) to 177.1 (17.1) in the post-test and 179.5 (15.6) in the follow up (P<0.001), but the mean (SD) self-differentiation scores of the control group was not significantly different in pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The score for the lack of mental health in the experimental group varied from 58.8 (7.1) in the pre-test to 33.2 (6.4) in the post-test and 35.1 (6.6) in follow-up, but the mean (SD) of the mental health scores of the control group did not differ in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up.

Conclusion: The study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy leads to increased self-isolation and reduced mental health of veterans’ children.