anxiety

Background: Mental health is an important aspect of students' health as the future of the country, and they are exposed to many stressors due to their age and social status. This research was conducted with the aim to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on depression and anxiety.

Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was performed with a pretest-posttest design and an experimental and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran, who enrolled in the 2014-2015 academic year. For this purpose, 48 students were selected through purposive sampling and were divided into two groups (experimental and control). Both ACT and schema therapy were performed in 12 weekly sessions. The data collection tools consisted of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The questionnaires were completed in the pretest and posttest stages. The data analysis was carried out using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS software.

Results: The results of MANCOVA showed that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of schema therapy and ACT on depression and anxiety. Schema therapy was more effective in treating depression compared to ACT in the students (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, ACT was more effective in reducing students' anxiety than schema therapy (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that schema therapy was more effective in treating depression, but ACT was more effective in reducing anxiety in students

The home is the first and the oldest training ground where the child is mentored by parents, siblings and members of the extended family in which they exhibit different forms of behaviour which he observes and imitates. The home provides the initial training for the child and the parents act as models for their children since the process of socialization depends on both parents playing complementary roles in bringing up the child. Adolescents from father absent households manifest a number of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour, including anxiety, interpersonal difficulties and low self-esteem. Thus, this study investigated the effects of Acceptance-Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Social Skills Training (SST) on anxiety of adolescent students from father-absent families. A pre-test, post-test control group quasi-experimental research design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised all Senior Secondary two (SS11) students in Lagos state. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample size of 157 Senior Secondary one and two students comprising of eighty two (82) males and seventy five (75) females. The instruments used to obtain relevant data for the study were Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), Father Absence Questionnaire (FAQ) and the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS). Two research hypotheses were generated to guide the study. The pre-test and post test scores were analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that Acceptance Commitment Therapy and Social Skills Training significantly reduced anxiety among adolescents from father-absent families. It was also revealed that gender did not have any significant impact on self-esteem of the participants in the experimental groups. In the light of the study`s results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and proposals the most important of which are: 

This study aimed to explore the impact of carer stressors (neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, level of independence in activities of daily living, hours of caring per week), demographic factors (carer age, relationship with the person with dementia, dementia type, dementia severity, number of years since diagnosis and cohabitation status) and psychological inflexibility on depression and anxiety in family carers of people with dementia. Eighty-nine family carers with a mean age of 69.13 years old completed self-reported and interview-based questionnaires. Participants were primarily female family members aged 65 years or older looking after a person with severe Alzheimer's disease. Two final regression models (Depression model R2 = 0.43; Anxiety model R2 = 0.43) demonstrated that psychological inflexibility (β = 0.52) and the number of hours devoted to caregiving (β = 0.23) had a significant impact on carer depression, while psychological inflexibility was the only significant independent predictor of carer anxiety (β = 0.55). The findings demonstrated psychological inflexibility to be a common factor explaining mental health problems in this population even after controlling for other variables known to have an impact. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be beneficial for concomitantly treating depression and anxiety in this population. Considering that fifty-two per cent of participants responded that they devote more than 41 h to caregiving per week, a non-traditional face to face approach such as online ACT may have potential in future research. Future studies should also explore the suggested models in understudied subgroups of carers (e.g., carers of early-onset dementia, carers of people with early-stage dementia).