parenting

Given the unique stresses inherent in raising a child with autism, mothers may find it challenging to maintain a positive sense of self-efficacy. This study sought to determine the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on self-efficacy of mothers of children with autism. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study included mothers of children with autism in Isfahan from among whom 30 individuals were selected via convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental (N=15) and control (N=15) groups. Due to subject attrition, the sample size reduced to 10 and 12 in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The data were collected by Berkeley Parenting Self-Efficacy Scale- Second Grade Version (Holloway et al., 2005). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of ACT, while the control group received no intervention. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that ACT was effective in increasing self-efficacy and its components (responsibility,  self-management, accepting child as an individual, and positive evaluation about child) among mothers of children with autism (p<0.05). Findings suggest that ACT can be effective in promoting self-efficacy of mothers of children with autism and may have promise in helping mothers better adjust to the difficulties in raising such children.

 روانی که به مادران کودکان اوتیسم وارد می
شود،
منجر به کاهش خودکارآمدی این
مادران می
شود
. پژوهش حاضر با
هدف
تعیین
تأثیر
درمان
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
بر
خودکارآمدی مادران
دارای
کودک
اوتیسم
انجام
گرفت
ه است
.
پژوهش
حاضر
از
نوع
نیمه
آزمایشی
با
پیش
آزمون
-
پس
آزمون
و
گروه
گواه
بود.
جامعه
آماری پژوهش
را
مادران
دارای
کودک
اوتیسم
شهر
اصفهان
تشکیل
دادند
که
از
میان
آنان
03
نفر
به
روش
نمونه
گیری
در
دسترس
انتخاب
شدند
و
با گمارش
تصادفی
بهدو
گروه
آزمایشی
(15
نفر)
و
گواه
(15
نفر)
تقسیم
شدند
.
به دلیل ریزش نمونه،
13
نفر در گروه آزمایش و
11
نفر در
گروه گواه باقی
ماندند.
ابزار
پژوهش،
مقیاس
خودکارآمدی
مادران
برکلی
ساختة
هالووی
و
همکاران
(
1335
)بود.
گروه
آزمایش
هشت
جلسه
۰3
دقیقه
ای
درمان
گروهی
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
را دریافت کردند
و
برای
گروه
گواه
هیچ
مداخله
ای
اعمال
نشد.
داده
هابا
بهره
گیری
از
تحلیل
کو
واریانس
چندمتغیره
(مانکوا)
تجزیه
وتحلیل
شد
ند
. نتایج
نشان
داد
که
درمان
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
بر
افزایش
خودکارآمدی
و
مؤلفه
های
آن
(مسئولیت
پذیری، خودمدیریتی، پذیرش
فرزند و ارزیابی مثبت فرزند)
در
مادران دارا
ی
کودک
اوتیسم
مؤثر
بوده است
(35/3>p
.)
از این رو
می
توان
گفت
درمان
مبتنی
بر
پذیرش
و
تعهد
می
تواند
در
افزایش
خودکارآمدی
مادران
دارای
کودک
اوتیسم
مؤثر
باشد و
از
طریق
این
نوع
درمان
می
توان
به
مادران
دارای
کودکان
اوتیسم
کمک
کرد

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of ACT based parenting training on parental self-efficacy of mothers who have children with externalizing behavior problems. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest, post-est, follow-up design with a control group. The research population was consisted of mothers of preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems in Najafabad city of Isfahan in 1396.

Convenient sampling method was applied and 30 volunteer mothers were selected according to research criteria and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. ACT based parenting was thought to experimental group in 10 90 minute sessions, meanwhile the control group was on the waiting list. The research instrument was parental self-agency measure (PSAM). Both descriptive and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The results of the repeated measures variance analysis showed that ACT parenting training significantly increased the parental self-efficacy of mothers in the experimental group compared to the control group. So, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment based interventions were effective on enhancing the parents’ sense of competency and satisfaction about their performance towards their children.
 

چﻜﻴﺪه
ﻫﺪف از پژوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲاﺛﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻲآﻣﻮزش ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ
پﺮوريﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲﺑﺮ پﺬﻳﺮشو ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪيواﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ
در ﻣﺎدران ِ ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت رﻓﺘﺎريﺑﺮوﻧﻲﺳﺎزيﺷﺪه
ﺑﻮد.اﻳﻦپژوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻮع ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲﺑﺎ ﻃﺮح پﻴﺶآزﻣﻮن،
پﺲ آزﻣﻮن و پﻴگﻴﺮيﺑﺎ گﺮوه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻮد.ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ آﻣﺎري
در پژوﻫﺶﺑﺮگﻴﺮﻧﺪهﻣﺸﻜﻼت دچﺎر ِ ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن ﻣﺎدران
رﻓﺘﺎريﺑﺮوﻧﻲﺳﺎزيﺳﻨ ﺷﺪهﻴﻦپﻴﺶدﺑﺴﺘﺎن از
ﺳﺎل در اﺻ1396ﺑﻮد.
ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪگﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮة در دﺳﺘﺮس اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ
ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ1
ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد واﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ
ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮد در اﻳﻔﺎي ﻧﻘﺶ واﻟﺪگﺮي گﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.واﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺣﺴﺎس ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ
داﻧﺶ و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در زﻣﻴﻨﺔ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ از ﻛﻮدك ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد اﻋﺘﻤﺎد
ﻛﺮده و ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮدﺷﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻛﻮدك ﻣﻲگﺬارد.ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﻣﺸﻜﻼت رﻓﺘﺎري ﻳﺎ رﺷﺪي ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺰاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ دارد.ﺳﻄﻮح پﺎﺋﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي
ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد واﻟﺪﻳﻦ گﺮاﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮيﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﻴﻮهﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻔﻲ واﻟﺪگﺮي ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ
ﺑﻪﺧﻮديﺧﻮد ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮي ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ ﻛﻮدك گﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت رﻓﺘﺎري ﻣﻲﺷﻮد)ﺳﺮاﺑﻲ،
ﺣﺴﻦآﺑﺎدي، ﻣﺸﻬﺪي، اﺻﻐﺮيﻧﻜﺎح2
،1390.(درواﻗﻊ واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي دارﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎورﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ
ﺻﺮف زﻣﺎن وﺗﻼش ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪگﻮﻧﻪاي ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻓﺮزﻧﺪاﻧﺸﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑگﺬارﻧﺪ.اﻣﺎ واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي
پﺎﺋﻴﻨﻲ دارﻧﺪ از ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ و ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮزﻧﺪاﻧﺸﺎن اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ زﻳﺮا ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎورﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ
ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر آﻧﻬﺎ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ)ﺑﻮرﻧﻬﺎم3
،2010.(
ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ30ﻧﻔﺮ از ﻣﺎدران داوﻃﻠﺐ پﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ
ﻣﻼكﻫﺎي ورود ﺑﻪ پژوﻫﺶ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت
ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در دو گﺮوه آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل گﻤﺎرش ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.
آﻣﻮزش ﻓﺮزﻧﺪپﺮوري ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ پﺬﻳﺮش و ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﻃﻲ10
ﺟﻠﺴﺔ90دﻗﻴﻘﻪاي ﺑﺮاي گﺮوه آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ
ﻛﻪ گﺮوه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل در ﻟﻴﺴﺖ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻗﺮار داﺷﺖ.اﺑﺰار پژوﻫﺶ
پﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ دوﻣﻜﺎ ﺑﻮد.ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ
دادهﻫﺎ از آﻣﺎر ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ و آﻣﺎر اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﻲ)ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ
اﻧﺪازهگﻴﺮيﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺮر(اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ.ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ پژوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن
داد ﻛﻪ آﻣﻮزش ﻓﺮزﻧﺪپﺮوري ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ پﺬﻳﺮش و ﺗﻌﻬﺪ
ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪي واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲﻣﺎدران در گﺮوه آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ را
ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ گﺮوه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داده
اﺳﺖ.ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ گﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪاﺧﻼت
ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ پﺬﻳﺮش و ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد اﺣﺴﺎس ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ و
رﺿﺎﻳﺖ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ از ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺧﻮد در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮدك ﻣﺆﺛﺮ
اﺳﺖ.
ﻫﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺪواژه:ﻓﺮزﻧﺪپﺮوري،درﻣﺎنﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲﺑﺮ پﺬﻳﺮشو
ﺧﻮدﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ،يواﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ،رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺸﻜﻼتي
ﺑ

Introduction
Working mothers with small child face work and life difficulties and show low psychological well-being (PWB).

Objectives
This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effectiveness of a newly developed, fully automated internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (iACT) program, ‘Happiness Mom,’ on improving Ryff's PWB of working mothers with a preschool child.

Methods
The eligible participants were working mothers with at least one preschool child and were randomly assigned to either an iACT intervention group (n = 424) or a wait-list control group (n = 417). The intervention contained eight modules for 10 weeks. Primary outcomes were measured in six dimensions of Ryff's PWB (Ryff, 1989a; 1989b), using self-administered questionnaires at baseline, three months, and six months after the baseline. A mixed model for repeated measures conditional growth model analysis was conducted using a group*time interaction as an intervention effect.

Results
A total of 841 eligible working mothers participated in this study. For the main pooled analysis, positive relationship with others was significantly improved in the intervention group (pooled effect 0.41 [95% CI 0.08–0.74], t = 2.44, p = 0.015), while the effect size was small (Cohen's d = 0.18). There was no significant effect on autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance.

Conclusions
The study demonstrated that the fully automated iACT program was effective in improving PWB in working mothers. However, the effect was small and shown in the limited domain of PWB. Further program improvement is required to achieve a greater effect size and impact on a wider range of PWB.

To find the full text version of this article and others (as well as download a full text pdf.), ACBS members can visit the ScienceDirect homepage here.