Alonso-Alvarez, B. & Wu, C. (2022). Relational Frame of Opposition or Responding by Exclusion: A Study with Same and Opposite Cues. The Psychological Record.

We tested an alternative explanation of RFT studies on relational frames of opposition, based on contextual control over equivalence and exclusion responding. In phase 1, four college students learned to match identical stimuli with Same as context, and most different stimuli with Opposite as context. In phase 2, the four participants formed two equivalence classes, and matched same-class stimuli with Same present and separate-class stimuli with Opposite present. In phase 3, participants learned to match B1 to A1 and C1 to A1 with Same present, and B2 to A1 and C2 to A1 with Opposite present. Then, the four participants matched C2 to B2 with Same present on tests. In phase 4, participants learned to match B1 to A1, C1 to A1, and B2 to A2 with Same present, and C2 to A1 with Opposite present. Three participants matched C2 to B2 with Same present on tests. Exclusion responding explains the outcomes of phases 3 and 4. Combinatorial entailment of opposition relations was possible in phase 3, but not in phase 4. These results suggest that contextual control over equivalence and responding by exclusion is a viable alternative explanation of RFT studies on the opposition frame.