ACT /RFT Reader's Update 2008 - 2011 (Archives)
ACT /RFT Reader's Update 2008 - 2011 (Archives)The ACT/RFT Reader's Update was published from 2008 - 2011. For up-to-date lists of ACT/RFT publications, go to the ACT Randomized Controlled Trials page, the State of the ACT Evidence page, the list of ACT Books, and the Publications section.
The ACT /RFT Reader's Update is an electronic newsletter provided for your information and perusal. This online newsletter provides summaries of recent, ACT and RFT articles (or related articles) published in peer-reviewed journals. In addition, citations for the latest books, book chapters, and unpublished dissertations will be listed.
Our main aim with this update is to keep the ACT/RFT community informed. We hope to include information that is relevant, scientifically sound, and of interest in the ACT/RFT community. Our purpose is not to recreate the abstract of these articles, but to provide a broader summary of the article. However, are goal is to keep the "busy" reader in mind, and therefore, we will work to keep the summaries brief.
Reviewers include:
Robyn Walser, PhD
Christi Ulmer, PhD
Maggie Chartier, MPH, MS
Ian Stewart, PhD
Miguel Rodríguez Valverde, PhD
ACT/RFT Readers Update 2011
ACT/RFT Readers Update 2011Dear Contextual Science Community,
We are happy to be putting out our full 2011 ACT/RFT Reader’s Update. In this Update we review assessment, chronic pain, experiential avoidance, pilot studies, RCT’s, relational frame theory and several research reviews. We hope you find the information helpful. Please take a look at the attached and find what interests you.
It has been interesting times at the Update, with change in editorial/writer staff (a big welcome to Katherine Young, Jeannette Tappe, Tam Nguyen and Aimee Zhang) and other unanticipated delays with this issue, we have been pressed to finish up and post.
We are also looking forward to including and perhaps featuring articles found in the Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. We hope everyone is enjoying the journal and finding it useful. What a great contribution to ACBS! http://contextualscience.org/JCBS
Lastly and importantly, we are looking forward to ACBS World Conference in Sydney, Australia, July 8-12. The World Conference is always exciting, engaging and fun! Many great ideas for projects, studies and papers are generated at the conference and it will be sure to provide ACT/RFT Reader’s Update staff with plenty more to review! http://contextualscience.org/wc11
Warm Regards,
Maggie Chartier, Psy.D., MPH
Barbara Mazina, B.A.
Tam Nguyen, Ph.D.
Katie Sears, Ph.D.
Ian Stewart, Ph.D.
Jeannette Tappe, M.A.
Thuy Tran, B.A.
Robyn Walser, Ph.D.
Katherine Young, M.S.
Aimee Zhang, B.S.
ACT/RFT Reader's Update 2010
ACT/RFT Reader's Update 2010Dear ACT Community,
We are excited….and relieved to put out two Reader’s Updates this round. Please log in to download the attachments from this webpage.
It is really great to see all of the work and writing that is being done in the areas of ACT, RFT and mindfulness. It is keeping us busy and energized as reviewers. Find in the Update, summaries designed to provide you with a quick overview of topics and issues, with links in the document to more detailed information.
In Update “10finalb” you will find summaries, references and abstracts on acceptance, addiction, assessment, case studies, children/adolescents, chronic pain, experiential avoidance and RFT.
In Update “10finalcd,” in addition to some of the same topics above, you will find summaries, references and abstracts on anxiety and depression, RCT’s and research reviews. In this issue we also wanted to feature RFT. It is the first summary presented in the Update. Ian Stewart has done an excellent job. He has thoughtfully put together information in a effort to keep us abreast of research this area. A big thanks to Ian!
We are diligently working on the next issue: Coming soon to a list-serve near you!
Finally, if you know of any articles, studies or other information that we should include in our next issue and may not be easily findable by regular search engines, please let us know. Also, be sure to let us know if we missed something.
Enjoy!
Reviewers and Editors
Maggie Chartier
Barbara Mazina
Katie Sears
Ian Stewart
Thuy Tran
Robyn Walser
ACT/RFT Reader's Update: Articles from early 2010 (November, 2011)
ACT/RFT Reader's Update: Articles from early 2010 (November, 2011)Dear Colleagues,
Welcome to this edition of the ACT/RFT Reader’s Update.
In this issue, as in all issues, we provide a summary of the literature published related to acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness and relational frame theory. We link summaries to particular topics and provide a review of the articles. Feel free to read the summaries and find the links to the references and abstracts related to the summaries right in the document. For a taste of what is in the Update, we summarize 3 articles on acceptance approaches to treatment, 3 on addiction that compare CBT to ACT, 1 on assessment by Wilson – the VLQ is alive and well -, 2 case study designs looking at the treatment of GAD and cancer, 3 articles on mindfulness based approaches with children and parents, 4 articles on experiential avoidance, 5 on mindfulness including how mindfulness works with managing emotions, intrusive thoughts, stress reduction and substance use. Finally, we have 3 on RFT reviewed by Ian – Thanks Ian!
We have sorted and distributed articles to our reviewers for the first half of 2011. We are looking forward to the next round.
Please let us know if we missed anything that we should include or inform us of dissertations, etc.
Thanks and Enjoy!
Kind Regards,
Robyn D. Walser, Ph.D.
ACT/RFT Reader's Update: Final 2009 Review (July, 2010)
ACT/RFT Reader's Update: Final 2009 Review (July, 2010)Science and Practice: ACT /RFT Reader’s Update: Final 2009 Review
Welcome to the ACT/RFT Reader’s update. This is the last issue reviewing the literature on ACT and RFT from 2009. We will be publishing updates for 2010 in late summer, fall and winter.
To kick off the issue, we want to extend a thank you to Dr. Chad Drake who has been with the Update since its inception. We thank Chad as he closes the “Update chapter of his life” and wish him much success in his new and fun endeavors. Thanks Chad!
In this issue, we summarize articles on assessment, ACT and diagnostic populations, experiential avoidance, behavioral health, RFT, mindfulness and “The Great Debate”.
The attached PDF includes a Table of Contents that allows you to “click” directly to the summary of multiple articles covering a topic and/or references and abstracts that you may be interested in. In addition, citations for the latest books, book chapters, editorials, and unpublished dissertations are listed.
Our aim with this update is to provide information that is clinically relevant, scientifically sound, and of interest in the ACT/RFT community. We have worked to keep the “busy” reader in mind and hope that you find the Update useful.
** If you are a graduate student working on an ACT/RFT study and would like to have us include your dissertation or thesis citation in this update,please send us an email backchannel.
**If you have published an editorial you would like us to include that citation, please send us an email back channel.
We hope you will find our e-mail updates of interest and value.
Our editors and reviewers include:
Robyn Walser, PhD
Maggie Chartier, PhD, MPH
Katie Sears, PhD
Thuy Tran, BS
Chad Drake, PhD
Elizabeth Gifford, PhD
Ian Stewart, PhD
Christi Ulmer, PhD
Miguel Rodríguez Valverde, PhD
Darrah Westrup, PhD
ACT/RFT Reader's Update (December, 2009)
ACT/RFT Reader's Update (December, 2009)Science and Practice: ACT/RFT Reader’s Update December, 2009 |
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Acceptance and Values-Based Action in Chronic Pain: A Study of Treatment Effectiveness and Process Cognitive-behavioral approaches to pain management have an established record of empirical support. However, as true with other behavioral problems, the mechanism by which improvement occurred is inconsistent with the theoretical underpinnings of CBT. In a recent paper, Vowles and McCracken add to their ongoing line of research in acceptance-based approaches to the treatment of chronic pain. In their paper, they present their findings of an inter-disciplinary treatment program based in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, with a focus on acceptance and values-based action. One-hundred seventy-one participants completed the program which consisted of 3 to 4 weeks of inpatient treatment for about 30 hours per week. Participants improved across almost all domains, including pain, depression, pain-related anxiety, disability, medical visits, work status, and physical performance, and effect sizes for these improvements were medium to large. Analysis of reliable change revealed that 75.4% of participants improved in at least one key domain assessed. In contrast with CBT-based approaches to pain management, improvements across these domains were associated with ACT's proposed mechanisms of action, namely, acceptance of pain and values-based action. The authors conclude that these findings provide support for the ACT model of treatment for chronic pain, and the processes associated with improvement – acceptance and values-based action.
Vowles, K., & McCracken, L. (2008). Acceptance and values-based action in chronic pain: a study of treatment effectiveness and process. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 76(3), 397-407.
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Rule-Governed Behavior and Psychological Problems Humans, uniquely among animals, can come to understand and respond to linguistic rules, both effective ones and not so effective ones. The effective ones help us to learn and adapt to our environment. The ineffective ones can cause maladaptive behavior and diminish our lives considerably. This paper presents a functional analysis of patterns of rule-governed behavior (RGB) and shows how rules can contribute to psychopathology. Rules have been described as antecedent stimuli that alter the functions of stimuli in our environment. They allow us to respond to that environment in complex and efficacious ways. But what are rules? Relational Frame theory suggests that we humans learn to respond in accordance with abstract relational patterns based on cues (e.g., SAME). Rules are essentially combinations of cues that specify particular relations between environmental stimuli and between environment and behavior and thus allow us to respond in new ways (‘transformation of function’). The paper describes three functional patterns of RGB. These are pliance, tracking and augmental rule following. Pliance is RGB under the control of a history of socially mediated reinforcement for coordination between behavior and antecedent verbal stimuli (rules). A typical example might be a child obeying the rule ‘Don’t touch my laptop’ because their parent has given them this rule and because their parent has previously provided consequences for following or not following rules. Tracking is RGB under the control of a history of coordination between the rule and the way the environment is arranged independently of the rule. An example might be a child obeying the parental rule ‘Eat your breakfast because it will give you more energy’ because in the past the child has experienced the effect of other rules that have been accurate in their description of the environment. If this rule also shows coordination (i.e., the child finds an increase in energy when they eat breakfast), then this will further strengthen tracking behavior. Augmenting is RGB due to relational networks that alter the degree to which events function as consequences. The example given is ‘Eat your vegetables to be a big strong boy’. If this rule makes vegetable eating more reinforcing then it might be described as augmenting. Each of these patterns has its advantages and its disadvantages, including maladaptive behavior. It’s useful for children to learn pliance since this allows them to acquire useful adaptive habits, but doing things just because one is told to can make one insensitive to one’s environment. Tracking allows independence from social whim, but tracking can also lead to ineffective behavior; for example, tracking short term reinforcement can mean one misses longer term reinforcement. Augmenting is the most advanced form of rule governed behavior and as such it can interact with and reinforce either of the other two functional patterns resulting in strongly adaptive or maladaptive patterns. Experiential avoidance can be a product of the latter while valuing, an important part of the antidote to EA, is an example of the former. Törneke, Luciano and Valdivia (2008) have provided an excellent description of RGB and its relationship to psychopathology.
Törneke, N. Luciano, C. & Valdivia Salas, S. (2008). Rule-Governed Behavior and Psychological Problems. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 8 (2), 141-156.
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Brief Review: A Parametric Study of Cognitive Defusion and Believability The effects of the “Milk, milk, milk” exercise are dependent upon the length of the intervention: Reducing distress in respect to private events has been a major emphasis of traditional behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapies. The inclusion of mindfulness interventions in some contemporary therapies like ACT has shifted this focus from distress reduction to changing the behavior regulatory functions of distressing private events. One means of examining this change is by asking clients about the believability of their thoughts. Defusion interventions represent efforts to disrupt this behavior regulation, and the “milk, milk, milk” exercise is the intervention examined in this article. Two studies examined the effect of this exercise on the emotional discomfort and believability of a negative, self-relevant word identified by the participant as sufficiently problematic. Each study varied the amount of time spent repeating the word – 0, 3, or 20 seconds in study 1 and 1, 10, or 30 seconds in study 2. A rationale for the procedure and training with the word “milk” was provided before each intervention. Results showed that emotional distress reduced significantly within 3-10 seconds, while believability reduced significantly only after 20-30 seconds. The difference in timing for these reductions suggests that discomfort and believability are functionally distinct behaviors. The authors suggest extending defusion exercises until the believability of thoughts, rather than just emotional distress, diminishes.
Masuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Twohig, M. P., Drossel, C., Lillis, J., & Washio, Y. (2009). A parametric study of cognitive defusion and the believability and discomfort of negative self-relevant thoughts. Behavior Modification, 33, 250-262.
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Brief Review: Relational Frame Theory and Social Categorization The Matching-to-Sample procedure can transform the functions of arbitrary stimuli in the Implicit Associations Test: This study examined the acquisition of obesity stigma to arbitrary stimuli. More specifically, the matching-to-sample (MTS) procedure was used to provide relational conditioning sufficient to generate a transformation of stimulus functions for stigma to images of either horizontal or vertical lines. The Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was used to detect this transformation of functions. Fifty undergraduate psychology students engaged in a series of five computerized tasks: (1) an IAT containing evaluative words and images of horizontal and vertical lines, to confirm a lack of pre-existing bias, (2) an established IAT for detecting implicit evaluative bias toward obesity, to confirm the presence of pre-existing bias, (3) two MTS tasks providing relational conditioning sufficient to generate the transfer of positive and negative evaluative functions to images of horizontal and vertical lines, (4) the same IAT used in step 1, to assess for the acquisition of bias, and (5) the same IAT used in step 2. Results confirmed no pre-existing bias at time 1, a large and significant predicted bias at time 2, and a small and significant predicted bias at time 4. The results of this study are discussed in respect to an RFT account of the development of stigma and social categorization and contrasted with a more mainstream, cognitive account known as the Social Knowledge Structure.
Weinstein, J. H., Wilson, K. G., Drake, C. E., & Kellum, K. K. (2008). A relational frame theory contribution to social categorization. Behavior and Social Issues, 17, 39-64.
Revised/Reviewed by: Walser, R., Chartier, M., Sears, K., Drake, C., Valverde, M., Stewart, I., Ulmer, C., & Westrup, D. Read the ACT RFT Reader's Update: References & Abstracts, 2008 in an interactive PDF, attached below. |
ACT/RFT Reader's Update (Fall, 2008)
ACT/RFT Reader's Update (Fall, 2008)Science and Practice: ACT /RFT Reader's Update Fall, 2008
Welcome to ACT/RFT Reader's Update:
In our second issue we summarize 5 articles recently published in peer-reviewed journals. The references to full citations and whether they are available for download on the ACBS website is also included. Citations for the latest books, book chapters, and unpublished dissertations are listed at the end of the update. If you don't see your recently published article….hang on, we continue to work on future issues and have a fair number of articles that are being reviewed and summarized for our coming issues. However, if you are publishing or have recently published please make us aware by either sending us the reference or pdf. Thanks.
We hope you will find our e-mail updates of interest and value.
Enjoy your read!
Our editors and reviewers/writers:
Editors:
Robyn D. Walser, Ph.D.
Maggie Chartier, MPH, MS
Reviewers/Writers:
Chad Drake, MA
Miguel Rodríguez Valverde, PhD
Ian Stewart, PhD
Christi Ulmer, PhD
This issue of Science and Practice: ACT/RFT Readers Update contains 5 summaries:
ACT ARTICLES AND RELATED TOPICS
Acceptance and commitment training reduces prejudice and promotes diversity-oriented behaviors in college students
Despite increased efforts at promoting diversity in recent years, prejudice continues to result in diminished quality of life for ethnic, racial and religious minorities across numerous life domains. Interventions designed to reduce prejudice have been moderately successful with short-term improvements, but do not seem to promote sustained equitable attitudes and behavior. In fact, in some instances, the interventions actually result in an increased bias. ACT may be particularly applicable to prejudice due to its focus on intransigent and difficult cognitions. Luoma and Hayes compared a brief ACT Training protocol to an education-based prejudice awareness training intervention for reducing racial and ethnic prejudice in college students. Material was presented to students using a counterbalanced within-group design such that the impact of each approach could be evaluated independently. The outcome measure, developed for this study, consisted of items assessing the following: awareness of bias; acceptance and flexibility; thought control and defusion; and positive actions. Student responses suggest that the ACT training produced greater reductions in prejudice across most dimensions, and that only ACT training promoted greater intention to engage in diversity-oriented behaviors. Changes in these positive intentions were partially mediated by acceptance and flexibility, and defusion processes explained more variance in positive intention outcomes than acknowledgement of bias. The authors suggest that the combined findings of this study and a previous ACT-based study on prejudice lend preliminary support to an ACT-RFT based model of understanding and reducing prejudice. The findings are also consistent with the theory underlying acceptance-based approaches stating that it is the relationship with thought rather than the content of thought that matters. Limitations of the study include the use of an unvalidated outcome measure, the potential self-selection bias of students who choose to enroll in a class on the psychology of racial differences, the potential for bias of the interventionist in favor of ACT, and a short follow-up interval. Future studies are proposed using a more intensive intervention and assessing longer-term outcomes. Given the need for empirically supported approaches to address prejudice, the findings of the current study are promising. In terms of clinical application, the authors propose that similar processes are likely in play with regard to mental health stigma, and that cognitive processes that promote prejudice are themselves psychologically damaging.
Read the Article:
Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2007). Applying acceptance, mindfulness, and values to the reduction of prejudice: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 31(4), 389-411.
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ACT and CT for anxiety and depression, a randomized controlled effectiveness trial
For some period of time there has been discussion and even argumentation between those who hold true to cognitive models of intervention (e.g. Beckian) and acceptance models of intervention (e.g. Hayesian). Forman and colleagues take a closer look. They explain that Cognitive Therapy (CT) has a mixed record of success in producing theoretically-consistent mediation of treatment outcomes while Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has a relatively impressive, though preliminary record, of the same. Given that only a handful of studies have directly compared these treatments and that all contained methodological shortcomings the authors undertook that task of comparing each therapy's ability to produce mediation and positive outcomes among an outpatient sample of college students in a well-controlled trial. Services were provided by clinical psychology doctoral candidates working at a student counseling center. Outcome measures included self-reports of symptoms (BDI-II, BAI, OQ-45) and self-reports of quality of life (QOLI, SLS). Two mediational measures were administered (KIMS, AAQ). The study also included measures of treatment fidelity, therapist allegiance, and participant expectancies of treatment. Results showed that all measures were comparable between treatments, and that each treatment generated large effect sizes. Mediational analyses showed that the observing subscale of the KIMS more strongly (though nonsignificantly) predicted outcomes for CT, while the AAQ and the acting with awareness and acceptance subscales of the KIMS more strongly (and significantly) predicted outcomes for ACT. The authors reported that "changes in "observing" and "describing" one's experiences were more strongly associated with outcomes for those in the CT group relative to those in the ACT group, whereas experiential avoidance, acting with awareness, and acceptance were more strongly associated with outcomes for those in the ACT group" (p. 792). Although, the authors concluded that "these findings support the notion that CT and ACT are functionally distinct from one another" (p. 792), it was never explained why the capacity to observe and describe one's private experiences is a fundamental component of CT but not ACT.
Read the Article:
Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D., & Geller, P. A. (2007). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive Therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior Modification, 31, 772-799.
RFT ARTICLES
How does multiple-exemplar training and naming establish derived equivalence in an infant?
Stimulus equivalence at its simplest can be described as follows. Imagine I train someone in the following two relations between physically different arbitrary stimuli: Pick stimulus B when you see stimulus A, and pick stimulus C when you see stimulus B. If given the opportunity, a verbally able human might subsequently go on to demonstrate further relations, without being trained to do so, including picking A when he sees B, and picking B when he sees C (i.e., reversing the trained relations, referred to as symmetry), picking C when he sees A (i.e., combining the trained relations, referred to as transitivity) and picking A when he sees C (a combination of symmetry and transitivity). This pattern of derived responses has been called stimulus equivalence, because it appears that, suddenly and unexpectedly and without being trained to do so, the person is treating a number of physically different stimuli as mutually substitutable for or equivalent to each other. There is growing interest in stimulus equivalence research as only verbally able subjects seem to be able to show this pattern readily, suggesting a link between equivalence and language. But what is the nature of this link? How are the two connected? The present paper discusses two theoretical approaches that claim to account for this link - Relational Frame Theory (e.g., Hayes et al., 2001) and Naming Theory (Horne & Lowe, 1996). More importantly, however, the paper reports a series of experiments involving training an infant in relational responding that provide important additional evidence pertaining to the debate between these approaches. More specifically, the results add to evidence in favour of the RFT account, while demonstrating a phenomenon that directly contradicts Naming Theory. This study is a significant empirical contribution for a number of reasons (i) It demonstrates the use of multiple exemplar training to establish generalized contextually controlled receptive mutual entailed relational responding; (ii) it provides the youngest empirical example of coordinate (sameness) combinatorial entailed relational responding (equivalence) ever recorded; and (iii) it provides extremely important evidence vis-a-vis the Naming Theory / RFT debate by providing empirical evidence that directly contradicts a core tenet of Naming Theory while being consistent with RFT.
Read the Article:
Luciano, C., Becerra, I. G., & Valverde, M. R. (2007). The role of multiple-exemplar training and naming in establishing derived equivalence in an infant. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87(3), 349-365.
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Can the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure be faked? First evidence says no.
The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) is a computer-based task for the assessment of implicit cognitions recently devised within the theoretical framework of RFT. It is a latency-based response measure that intends to assess the participants' existing verbal-relational networks (i.e. beliefs). It works by requiring participants to respond as quickly and accurately as possible across trials when presented with particular relations (among sample and target stimuli) that may be consistent or inconsistent with their beliefs (i.e. relational networks). The idea is that participants will be faster when required to respond to stimulus relations that are consistent (e.g. categorizing words like love or peace as pleasant, and words like vomit or death as unpleasant) than to stimulus relations that are inconsistent with their verbal histories (e.g. categorizing vomit or death as pleasant, and love or peace as unpleasant). This idea is supported by empirical evidence from several recent studies. As with other implicit measures, like the Implicit Association Test (IAT), one of the strengths of the IRAP is that it may be less sensitive than questionnaires and other explicit measures to assess deliberate attempts to conceal information about one's own socially sensitive attitudes. This study attempted to see to which extent this is the case (i.e. whether the IRAP can be faked). Three groups of participants underwent two consecutive exposures of the IRAP task with the same stimuli (the words pleasant and unpleasant as samples, the words similar and opposite as response options, one set of six pleasant target words, and one set of six unpleasant target words). Between both exposures, one group was informed about how the IRAP works. Another group received the same information and was told to fake the IRAP, without a specific strategy to do so. The third group received the same information and were also provided with a strategy, namely slowing down on consistent trials and going fast on inconsistent trials. Results showed no evidence of faking in any condition. All groups showed an IRAP effect in the second exposure regardless of the instructions or strategies received. According to a post-task questionnaire, only two participants in the third group reported using the specific strategy they had received. All in all, participants found it difficult to fake the IRAP, even if provided with specific strategies. This contrasts with previous findings with the IAT, which can be successfully faked when explicitly told how to do so. This observed resistance to deliberate attempts to fake performance renders the IRAP a solid procedure for the assessment of implicit cognitions.
Read the Article:
McKenna, I., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2007). Testing the Fake-ability of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP): The First Study. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 7, 253-268. (in English)
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What can RFT add to the study of pain?
The current study focuses on an RFT interpretation of the way that pain takes part in complex behavioural episodes for humans. It is a theoretical/conceptual study that reviews functional-contextual approaches to the study of private events specifically related to pain and with a special emphasis in recent research in verbal behaviour, behaviour-behaviour relations, and transformation of psychological functions. The review is divided into four parts. The first summarizes the philosophical assumptions of functional-contextualism and its implications for the study of pain (e.g. the extent to which explanations of pain allow for effective action as the criterion against which these explanations should be tested). The second focuses on the classical behaviour-analytic point of view, where pain experiences have been conceptualized as private events that exert discriminative control over subsequent behaviours (e.g. abuse of pain-killers, inactivity, social isolation, etc.). This discriminative function (behaviour-behaviour relation) is the product of specific histories of reinforcement along the individual's development, in direct-contingency terms. This view is illustrated with the presentation of the contributions of Schoenfeld and, more specifically, of Fordyce. RFT is proposed as a more comprehensive framework for the behaviour ral study of pain, a framework where verbal (derived) histories can be included as part of the explanation. In line with this, pain-related clinical problems are conceptualized as a form of experiential avoidance disorder, where it is the verbal functions of pain, rather than pain itself, that limit the individual's life (i.e. the consideration of pain as a literal barrier for engaging in valued actions). This is described in the third part of the article. Finally, the last part of the article presents a general overview of ACT and describes its implications for the treatment of pain-related problems.
For more information, read the original article in Spanish:
Gutiérrez Martínez, O., & Luciano Soriano, C. (2006). Un studio del dolor en el marco de la conducta verbal. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 6, 169-188. [A study of pain in the framework of verbal behavior: from the contributions of W. E. Fordyce to Relational Frame Theory (RFT)]
(for correspondence and reprints): olgaguti@ugr.es
BOOKS
Ciarrochi, J. V., & Bailey, A. (2008). A CBT practitioner's guide to ACT. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
BOOK CHAPTERS
DISSERTATIONS
Barthold, C., & Hoffner, C. (2007). Factors affecting the generalization of 'wh-' question answering by children with autism. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 68(4-A): 1403.
EDITORIALS AND COMMENTARIES
Hayes, S. (2007). Hello Darkness. Psychotherapy Networker, Sept/Oct. 46-52.
Hummelen, J. W., & Rokx, T. A. J. J. (2007). Individual-context interaction as a guide in the treatment of personality disorders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 71(1): 42-55.
Muran, J. C. (2007) Commentary: Language, Self, and Diversity. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Dialogues on difference: Studies of diversity in the therapeutic relationship ) pp. 275-279. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.