Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)

DERS: Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94

DERS-SF: Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. (2016). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(443). DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3 The English and Spanish versions of the DERS-SF can be found on miami.edu.

DERS-18: Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-18) in five samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(4), 582–589. DOI: 10.1007/s10862-016-9547-9

DERS-16: Bjureberg, J., Ljotsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., et al. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x.

Skutch, J. M., Wang, S. B., Buqo, T., et al. (2019). Which Brief Is Best? Clarifying the Use of Three Brief Versions of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41, 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09736-z

Community

DERS - Arabic

DERS - Arabic

قرة نورالدين . الورعادي فاتح .(2024).Factor structure of the brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale DERS-16. El Mouchid, 14(1), 89-106. https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/256973

Fekih-Romdhane, F., Kanj, G., Obeid, S. et al. (2023). Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the brief version of the difficulty in emotion regulation scale (DERS-16). BMC Psychol, 11, 72. DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01117-2

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DERS - Chinese

DERS - Chinese

Xiong, X. et. al. (2025). Factor structure, measurement invariance, and psychometric properties of the brief version of difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-16) across four Chinese samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 246, 113343. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2025.113343

Zhao, Y., Wu, K., Wang, Y. et al. (2021) Construct validity of brief difficulties in emotion regulation scale and its revised version: evidence for a general factor. Curr Psychol, 41, 1085–1096. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02056-0

Li, J., Han, Z. R., Gao, M. M., Sun, X., & Ahemaitijiang, N. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 30(5), e1–e9. DOI: 10.1037/pas0000582

Community

DERS - Czech

DERS - Czech

Benda, J. (2017) The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form: a pilot study of the Czech version. E-psychologie, Electronic Journal of CMPS, 11(1). Retrieved from https://www.e-psycholog.eu/article/279
The Czech translation of the DERS-SF items is in table 3.

Community

DERS - Finnish

DERS - Finnish

Westerlund, M. & Santtila, P. (2018) A Finnish adaptation of the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) and the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-16). Nordic Psychology, 70(4), 304-323. http://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2018.1443279

Sami J. Eloranta, Riittakerttu Kaltiala, Nina Lindberg, Matti Kaivosoja & Kirsi Peltonen (2020) Validating measurement tools for mentalization, emotion regulation difficulties and identity diffusion among Finnish adolescents. Nordic Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2020.1863852

Community

DERS - French

DERS - French

Guylaine Côté, Patrick Gosselin, Isabel Dagenais (2013) Évaluation multidimensionnelle de la régulation des émotions : propriétés psychométriques d’une version francophone du Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [Psychometric properties of a French version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale]. Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 23(2), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcc.2013.01.005

Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Scherer, K. R. (2013). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): Factor structure and consistency of a French translation. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 72(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000093

Community

DERS - German

DERS - German

Raphael Gutzweiler and Tina In-Albon (2018) Überprüfung der Gütekriterien der deutschen Version der Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in einer klinischen und einer Schülerstichprobe Jugendlicher. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 47(4), 274-286. https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000506

Ehring, T., Svaldi, J.,  Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Berking, M. (2013) Validierung der Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale–deutsche Version. Manuskript. Universität Münster.

Community

DERS - Greek

DERS - Greek

Koushiou, M., & Karekla, M. (2016). Eating disorder risk: The role of sensitivity to negative affect and body-image inflexibility (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus). Retrieved from https://gnosis.library.ucy.ac.cy/handle/7/39530
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) Greek Translation is in Appendix B.

Mitsopoulou, E., Kafetsios, K., Karademas, E. et al. (2013) The Greek Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: Testing the Factor Structure, Reliability and Validity in an Adult Community Sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9321-6

Community

DERS - Gujarati

DERS - Gujarati

Snow, N., Ward, R., Becker, S. & Raval, V. (2013). Measurement Invariance of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in India and the United States. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 147-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v3n1p147

Community

DERS - Hebrew

DERS - Hebrew

References:

Segal, A. & Golan, M. (2016). Differences in emotion regulation along the eating disorder spectrum: Cross sectional study in adolescents out patient care. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 6(1), 00314. DOI: 10.15406/jpcpy.2016.06.00314

Reuveni, I., Dan, R., Segman, R. et al. (2016). Emotional regulation difficulties and premenstrual symptoms among Israeli students. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19, 1063–1070. Doi: 10.1007/s00737-016-0656-y

Community

DERS - Hindi

DERS - Hindi

Bhatnagar Prachi, Shukla Meenakshi, & Pandey Rakesh (2020) Validating the Factor Structure of the Hindi Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 42(2), 377-396. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-020-09796-6

Community

DERS - Italian

DERS - Italian

Rossi, A.A., Panzeri, A., & Mannarini, S. (2023). The Italian Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form (IT-DERS-SF): A Two-step Validation Study. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 45, 572–590. DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-10006-8

Giromini, L., Velotti, P., de Campora, G., Bonalume, L. & Cesare Zavattini, G. (2012). Cultural Adaptation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: Reliability and Validity of an Italian Version. J. Clin. Psychol., 68, 989-1007. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21876

Sighinolfi, C., Norcini Pala, A., Chiri, L. R., Marchetti, I., & Sica, C. (2010). Difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS): the italian translation and adaptation. PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA COMPORTAMENTALE, 16(2), 141–170. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-1148235

Community

DERS - Japanese

DERS - Japanese

Keiji TAKATA, Yoshitake TAKEBAYASHI, Keisuke TANAKA, Ayame TAMURA, Yoshinori SUGIURA (2013) The convergent validity of Japanese version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, Volume 77, The 77th Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, Session ID 2EV-038, Pages 2EV-038. https://doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.77.0_2EV-038

Community

DERS - Korean

DERS - Korean

Kim, G., Yim, M., Bae, H. et al. (2024). Factor structures and psychometric properties of three brief versions of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale in the Korean population. BMC Psychol, 12, 759. DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-02261-z

Cho, Y., & Hong, S. (2013). The new factor structure of the Korean Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (K-DERS) incorporating method factor. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 46(3), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613484033

조용래 (2007) 정서조절곤란의 평가 한국판 척도의 심리측정적 속성 [Assessing Emotion Dysregulation: Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale.] Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(4), 1015 - 1038.

Community

DERS - Lithuanian

DERS - Lithuanian

Šeibokaitė, L., Endriulaitienė, A., Sullman, M. J., Markšaitytė, R., & Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė, K. (2017). Difficulties in emotion regulation and risky driving among Lithuanian drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18, 688-693. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15389588.2017.1315109

Community

DERS - Norwegian

DERS - Norwegian

Visted, E., Solbakken, O.A., Mæland, S. et al. (2023). Validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) with an older Norwegian population. Eur J Ageing, 20, 26. DOI: 10.1007/s10433-023-00775-w

Endre Visted, Lin Sørensen, Berge Osnes, Julie L. Svendsen, Per-Einar Binder, & Elisabeth Schanche (2017) The Association between Self-Reported Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Heart Rate Variability: The Salient Role of Not Accepting Negative Emotions. Front Psychol, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00328

Dundas, I., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P.E., & Sivertsen, B. (2013). The five factor mindfulness questionnaire in Norway. Scand J Psychol, 54(3), 250–260. DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12044

Community

DERS - Persian

DERS - Persian

Nooripour, R., Ghanbari, N., Mozaffari, N. et al. (2023). The Persian Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-18): Psychometric Properties and Its Role in Predicting Aggression in Iranian Adolescents. Psychol Stud, 68, 236–246. DOI: 10.1007/s12646-023-00713-x

Fallahi, V., Narimani, M., & Atadokht, A. (2021). Psychometric Properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Brief Form (DERS-16): in Group of Iranian Adolescents. J Shahid Sadoughi Uni Med Sci, 29(5): 3721-35. DOI: 10.18502/ssu.v29i5.6772

Shahabi, M., Hasani, J., & Bjureberg, J. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Brief Persian Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (The DERS-16). Assessment for Effective Intervention, 45(2), 135–143. DOI: 10.1177/1534508418800210

kermani mamazandi, Z., Tale Pasand, S. (2018). Psychometric Characteristics of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in Semnan University Students. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation, 11(42), 117-142.

Mazaheri M. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) DERS-6 & DERS-5- Revised (in an Iranian Clinical Sample. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 10(2), 115–122.

Community

DERS - Portuguese

DERS - Portuguese

Gouveia, P., Ramos, C., Brito, J., Almeida, T.C., & Cardoso, J. (2022). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form (DERS-SF): psychometric properties and invariance between genders. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 35, 11. DOI: 10.1186/s41155-022-00214-2

Cancian, A.C.M. et al. (2019) Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 41(01), 18-26. DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0128

Miguel, F.K., Giromini, L., Colombarolli, M.S., Zuanazzi, A.C., & Zennaro, A. (2017). A Brazilian Investigation of the 36- and 16-Item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales. J. Clin. Psychol., 73, 1146-1159. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22404

Coutinhom, J. et al. (2010) Versão portuguesa da escala de dificuldades de regulação emocional e sua relação com sintomas psicopatológicos. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 37 (4). DOI: 10.1590/S0101-60832010000400001

Community

DERS - Romanian

DERS - Romanian

Bostan, M.C. & Zaharia, D.V. (2016). Emotional dysregulation – factor structure and consistency in the Romanian version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS).  Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, din Iaşi. Psihologie, 2, 57-77. 

Community

DERS - Spanish

DERS - Spanish

Hervas, G., & Jodar, R. (2008). Adaptacion al castellano de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulacion Emocional. Clınica y Salud, 19, 139156.

Isabel Gómez-Simón, Eva Penelo & Nuria de la Osa (2014) Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Difficulties Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in Spanish adolescents. Psicothema, 26(3), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.324 The Spanish translation is in Table 2.

Reivan-Ortiz, G. G., Rodas, P. E. O., & Reivan Ortiz, P. N. (2020). A Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): Validity Evidence in Ecuadorian Population. International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(2), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4325

Navarro, O., Restrepo-Ochoa, D., Rommel, D., Ghalaret, J-M., & Fleury-Bahi, G. (2021). Validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale with a Spanish speaking population (DERS-S SF). Revista CES Psicología, 14(2), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesp.5360

The Spanish translation of the Difficulties Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-SF) can be found at miami.edu.

Community

DERS - Swedish

DERS - Swedish

Nordgren, L., Monell, E., Birgegård, A. et al. (2020). Factor Structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in Treatment Seeking Adults with Eating Disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 42, 111–126. DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09765-8

Olsson, S. (2010). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale -ett instrument för att undersöka svårigheter med känsloreglering vid Borderline personlighetsstörning. Thesis: Stockholms Universitet/University of Stockholm.  Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?dswid=7400&pid=diva2%3A325427 The DERS Swedish Version is in the Appendix.

Community

DERS - Turkish

DERS - Turkish

Demirpence Secinti, D. & Sen, E. (2023).Reliability and validity of the brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale in a sample of Turkish adolescents. BMC Psychol, 11, 165. DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01199-y

Yiğit, İ. &Guzey Yiğit, M. (2019). Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38, 1503–1511. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7

Rugancı, R.N. & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 442-455. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20665

Community

DERS - Ukrainian

DERS - Ukrainian

Sak, L. V. & Fedotova, Z. V. (2023). КРОС-культурна адаптація та валідизація україномовної версії шкали труднощів емоційної регуляції DERS: апробація у хворих підлітків на нервову анорексію та їх батьків/опікунів [Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Ukrainian-language version of the DERS Scale of Emotional Regulation Difficulties: Approbation in Anorexia Nervosa Adolescents and Their Parents/Caregivers]. Психіатрія, неврологія та медична психологія, 21, 38-45. DOI: 10.26565/2312-5675-2023-21-05

Community

DERS - Urdu

DERS - Urdu

Zafar, H., Debowska, A., & Boduszek, D. (2021). Emotion regulation difficulties and psychopathology among Pakistani adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(1), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104520969765

Community

State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)

State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)

Lavender, J.M, Tull, M.T., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., & Gratz, K.L. (2017). Development and validation of a state-based measure of emotion dysregulation: The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS). Assessment, 24 (2), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115601218

Community

S-DERS German

S-DERS German

Sicorello, M., Elsaesser, M. & Kolar, D. (2025). Translation, validation and extended factor models of the German State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS). bord personal disord emot dysregul, 12, 25. DOI: 10.1186/s40479-025-00299-y

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