Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire is a 39 item measure consisting of five subscales (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience).
FFMQ References:
- Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45.
- Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342.
- Christopher, M.S., Neuser, N.J., Michael, P.G. et al. (2012). Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness, 3, 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0086-x
- Curtiss, J. & Klemanski, D.H. (2014). Factor Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a Heterogeneous Clinical Sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 36, 683–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9429-y
- Spencer, S. D., Jo, D., Hamagami F., Antonio, M. C. K., Qinaʻau, J., Masuda, A., & Hishinuma, E. S. (2022). A psychometric validation of contextual cognitive behavioral therapy-informed measures with racially and ethnically diverse adults. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.06.004
FFMQ-Short Form References:
- Bohlmeijer, E., ten Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M., & Baer, R. (2011). Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Depressed Adults and Development of a Short Form. Assessment, 18(3), 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111408231
- Gu, J., Strauss, C., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Karl, A., Cavanagh, K., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Examining the factor structure of the 39-item and 15-item versions of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire before and after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for people with recurrent depression. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000263
- Levin-Aspenson, H.F., Marks, R.M., Dalrymple, K.L, &Zimmerman, M. (2023). Does the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire measure the same constructs before and after ACT-based treatment? Examination of the longitudinal measurement invariance of the 24-item FFMQ-SF. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 29, 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.07.001
FFMQ - Arabic
FFMQ - ArabicAl Awamleh, A. (2014) The effect of educational gymnastics skills on five facet mindfulness. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(2), 194 - 197. http://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2014.02030
Mazahreh, J. & Al Awamleh, A. (2016) The relationship between mindfulness, self compassion and the level of skill performance of gymnastics players. Sport Science, 9(2), 29‐33.
Mousa Ahamad, M., Saada, B., Alshamaileh, Q., Abusamra, M. & Al-Awamleh, A. (2018) The Level of Mindfulness, Hand-eye Coordination and Strength among Elite Fencers. Asian Social Science, 14(4), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n4p65
Ebtsam Ahmed Mohamed, Safaa Mohammed Zaki, & Fatma Nagy Kotb (2021) Assessment of Mindfulness among Head Nurses, and its Effect on Staff Nurses’ Emotional Regulation and Quality of Work Life. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal, 9(24), 153- 165. https://doi.org/10.21608/asnj.2021.58417.1103
FFMQ - Bosnian
FFMQ - BosnianAlispahic, S., & Hasanbegovic-Anic, E. (2017). Mindfulness: Age and gender differences on a Bosnian sample. Psychological Thought, 10(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v10i1.224 Retrieved from www.psycharchives.org/bitstream/20.500.12034/1497/1/psyct.v10i1.224.pdf
The FFMQ Bosnian version is in the appendix.
Hasanbegović-Anić, Enedina & Alispahic, Sabina & Tuce, Đenita & Čolić, Jasmin. (2017). Petofaktorski upitnik svjesne usredotočenosti: Provjera nekih metrijskih karakteristika na općoj populaciji/Five factor mindfulness questionnaire: examination of some metric characteristic in general population.
FFMQ - Chinese
FFMQ - ChineseDeng, YQ., Liu, XH., Rodriguez, M.A. et al. (2011) The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version. Mindfulness, 2, 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0050-9
Hou, J., Wong, S. Y.-S., Lo, H. H.-M., Mak, W. W.-S., & Ma, H. S.-W. (2014). Validation of a Chinese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Hong Kong and Development of a Short Form. Assessment, 21(3), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113485121
Huang, F.-Y., Wu, C.-W., Bhikshu, H.-M., Shih, G.-H., Chao, Y.-P., and Dai, C.-T. (2015). Validation of the Taiwanese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (T-FFMQ). Psychological Testing, 62, 231–260. Retrieved from https://pt.ntcu.edu.tw/PQS/Home/doc?id=63
Meng, Y., Mao, K. & Li, C. (2020). Validation of a Short-Form Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Instrument in China. Front. Psychol., 10, 3031. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03031
FFMQ - Croatian
FFMQ - CroatianGračanin, A., Gunjača, V., Tkalčić, M., Kardum, I., Bajšanski, I. and Perak, B. (2017). The structure of focused awareness and its connection to personality traits and emotional response. Psychological Topics, 26 (3), 675-700. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.26.3.9
FFMQ - Czech
FFMQ - CzechKorinek, D. & Benda, J. & Žitník, J. (2019). Psychometrické charakteristiky krátké české verze Dotazníku pěti aspektů všímavosti (FFMQ-15-CZ). [Psychometric characteristics of the short Czech version of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire] Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 63(1), 55-70.
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331210436_Psychometricke_charakteristiky_kratke_ceske_verze_Dotazniku_peti_aspektu_vsimavosti_FFMQ-15-CZ
The Czech translation of the FFMQ-15 items is in the article.
FFMQ - Danish
FFMQ - DanishJensen, C. G., Krogh, S. C., Westphael, G., & Hjordt, L. V. (2019). Mindfulness is positively related to socioeconomic job status and income and independently predicts mental distress in a long-term perspective: Danish validation studies of the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), e1–e20. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000667
FFMQ - Dutch
FFMQ - DutchVeehof, M.M., ten Klooster, P.M., Taal, E. et al. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol, 30, 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1690-9
Verhenne, Fanya (2010) Validiteit van de Five Facet Mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) bij mensen met fibromyalgie. Retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/60543/
The FFMQ Dutch Translation is in the appendix.
FFMQ - Estonian
FFMQ - EstonianTeri Talpsep (2015) MEASURING MINDFULNESS AND SELF-COMPASSION: A QUESTIONNAIRE AND ERP STUDY. Master’s Thesis, University of Tartu. DOI: 10.1.1.824.992
The Estonian version of the FFMQ is in the Appendix.
FFMQ - French
FFMQ - FrenchHeeren, A., Douilliez, C., Peschard, V., Debrauwere, L., & Philippot, P. (2011). Cross-cultural consistency of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire: Adaptation and validation in a French sample. European Review of Applied Psychology, 61, 147-151
Abstract:
Introduction. – Recent research has revealed that mindfulness training improves mental health and psychological functioning. Although several questionnaires have been developed to measure mindfulness, the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), [Baer et al., 2006. Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45] is currently one of the most empiricallybased scale assessing mindfulness.
Objective. – The present study was designed to: (1) test the psychometric properties and (2) explore the structural validation of the French version of the FFMQ.
Method. – Two hundred and fourteen participants were tested using the French version of the FFMQ.
Results. – Using confirmatory factor analysis, the results showed the French version of the FFMQ has good psychometric properties and a structural validity similar to the initial version.
Conclusion. – This adaptation constituted a validated mindfulness measure for French-speaking clinicians as well as researchers.
Keywords: Mindfulness, FFMQ, validation, French-speaking sample, self-report assessment, confirmatory factor analysis
Résumé
Introduction. Des recherches récentes indiquent que l’apprentissage de la pleine conscience améliore la santé mentale et le fonctionnement psychologique. Bien qu’une série de questionnaire ont été développés en vue de mesurer ce construit, le Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) (Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006) est actuellement l’un des instruments empiriquement validés le plus utilisés pour mesurer la pleine conscience.
Objectifs. La présente étude a été élaborée en vue (1) de déterminer les propriétés psychométriques et (2) d’explorer la validité structurelle d’une adaptation francophone du FFMQ.
Méthode. Deux-cents quatorze participants ont complétés l’adaptation francophone du FFMQ.
Résultats. Au moyen d’analyses factorielles confirmatoires, les résultats indiquent que la version francophone du FFMQ présente de bonnes propriétés psychométriques et une validité structurale similaire à la version initiale.
Conclusion. La présente adaptation constitue une mesure valide d’évaluation de la pleine conscience utilisable tant pour le clinicien que le chercheur francophone.
Mots-clés: Pleine conscience, FFMQ, validation, échantillon francophone, questionnaire, analyse factorielle confirmatoire
FFMQ - French version
FFMQ - French version Alexandre HeerenFFMQ - German
FFMQ - GermanMichalak, J. et al. (2016). Erfassung von Achtsamkeit mit der deutschen Version des Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaires (FFMQ-D). Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie, 24(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000149 FFMQ German Translation is in Tabelle 2.
FFMQ - Hebrew
FFMQ - HebrewHAGIT AARONSOHN (2012) META-MIND VS. META- EMOTION: THE IMPACT OF MINDFULNESS MEDITATION PRACTICE ON EMOTIONAL PROCESSING AND EMOTIONAL SCHEMAS. THESIS: BEN-GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV.
Retrieved from http://aranne5.bgu.ac.il/others/AaronsohnHagit.pdf
The FFMQ Hebrew Translation is in the Appendix Page XLIX.
FFMQ - Hungarian
FFMQ - HungarianJózsa L. Az Ötfaktoros Jelentudatosság Kérdőív (FFMQ) adaptálása magyar mintán. In: Rózsa S, Kálmán R, Kő N, Nagy H, Fiáth T, Magi A, Eisinger A, Oláh A. Az érzelmi arcfelismerés jelentősége és mérése a pszichológiai kutatásokban: Az Ekman-féle érzelmi detekció teszttel szerzett hazai tapasztalatok. Pszichológia, 2012; 32, 229-251. https://doi.org/10.1556/pszicho.32.2012.3.4
FFMQ - Icelandic
FFMQ - IcelandicFrostadottir, A.D. & Dorjee, D. (2019). Effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on Symptom Change, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Rumination in Clients With Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Frontiers in Psychology. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01099
FFMQ - Italian
FFMQ - ItalianGiovannini, C., Giromini, L., Bonalume, L. et al. (2014). The Italian Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: A Contribution to its Validity and Reliability. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36, 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9403-0
FFMQ - Japanese
FFMQ - JapaneseFive Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a measure of mindfulness that holds an important position in ACT. Many measurement scales for mindfulness have been published in recent years, but FFMQ is the result of joint factor analysis.
The Japanese version of FFMQ has a five-factor structure (observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, nonreactivity).
Sugiura, Y., Sato, A., Ito, Y., Murakami, H. (2012). Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness, 3, 85-94.
Takahashi, T., Saito, J., Fujino, M., Sato, M., & Kumano, H. (2022). The Validity and Reliability of the Short Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Japan. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 833381. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833381
The FFMQ Japanese version is on the ACBS Japan Chapter website.
FFMQ - Korean
FFMQ - KoreanChoi, S-Y.(2015). Study on Validity and Reliability of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) for Measuring Mindfulness Meditation Program Before and After. Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, 26 (2). http://doi.org/10.7231/jon.2015.26.2.181
FFMQ - Latvian
FFMQ - LatvianMajors, Māris (2013). APZINĀTĪBAS PIECU ASPEKTU APTAUJAS (The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionarie (FFMQ)) ADAPTĀCIJA. Master's thesis. https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/42253
FFMQ - Norwegian
FFMQ - NorwegianDundas, I., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P. E., & Sivertsen, B. (2013). The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire in Norway. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 54(3), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12044
FFMQ - Persian
FFMQ - PersianTAMANNAEIFAR, S., & ASGHARNEJADE FARID, A., & MIRZAEE, M., & SOLEIMANI, M. (2016). PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF FIVE FACTOR MINDFULNESS QUESTIONNAIRE. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (JOURNAL OF IRANIAN PSYCHOLOGISTS), 12(47), 321-329.
FFMQ - Polish Validation
FFMQ - Polish ValidationRadoń, S. (2014). Validation of the Polish adaptation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Annals of Psychology, 17 (4), 737-760.
FFMQ - Portuguese
FFMQ - PortugueseVíviam Vargas de Barros, Elisa Harumi Kozasa, Isabel Cristina Weiss de Souza, Telmo Mota Ronzani (2014) Validity evidence of the brazilian version of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ). Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 30 (3). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722014000300009
Alexandre Ramos, António Rosado, Sidónio Serpa, Adolfo Cangas, José Gallego, Luís Ramos (2018). Validity evidence of the portuguese version of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 27(2), 87–98. Available at: https://archives.rpd-online.com/article/view/v27-n2-carvalho-ramos-rosado-etal.html
FFMQ - Romanian
FFMQ - RomanianElena Druică & Rodica Ianole (2018). Simply Clustering. Making New Sense In The Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire. Romanian Statistical Review, nr. 1.
FFMQ - Russian
FFMQ - RussianGolubev, A. M. & Dorosheva, E. A. (2018) Особенности применения русскоязычной версии пятифакторного опросника осознанности. [Features of the Russian-language version of the five-factor questionnaire of awareness}. Сибирский психологический журнал, 69,46–68.
FFMQ - Sinhala
FFMQ - SinhalaBaminiwatta, A., Alahakoon, H., Herath, N.C. et al. (2022). Psychometric Evaluation of a Sinhalese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and Development of a Six-Facet Short Form in a Sri Lankan Buddhist Context. Mindfulness 13, 1069–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01863-1
Outschoorn, N.O., Herath, H. & Amarasuriya, S.D. (2021) SINHALA VERSION OF THE FIVE FACET MINDFULNESS QUESTIONNAIRE (FFMQ-39-SIN): CONTENT VALIDATION THROUGH EXPERT JUDGEMENT AND INTERNAL CONSISTENCY. Proceeding of the Open University Research Sessions. Retrieved from https://ours.ou.ac.lk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ID-134_SINHALA-VERSION-OF-THE-FIVE-FACET-MINDFULNESS-QUESTIONNAIRE-FFMQ-39-SIN-CONTENT-VALIDATION-THROUGH-EXPERT-JUDGEMENT-AND-INTERNAL-CONSISTENCY.pdf
FFMQ - Slovak
FFMQ - SlovakLátalová, Veronika & Pilárik, Ľubor. (2014). Overenie psychometrických vlastností a faktorovej štruktúry slovenskej verzie dotazníka FFMQ (five–facet mindfulness questionnaire) [The evaluation of the psychometric properties and the factor structure of the slovak version of the questionnaire FFMQ (five-facet mindfulness questionnaire)]. Psychologie a její kontexty, 5(2), 81–99. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267506585
FFMQ - Spanish
FFMQ - SpanishFeliu-Soler, A., Pérez-Aranda, A., Luciano, J. V., Demarzo, M., Mariño, M., Soler, J., Van Gordon, W., García-Campayo, J., & Montero-Marín, J. (2021). Psychometric properties of the 15-item five facet mindfulness questionnaire in a large sample of spanish pilgrims. Mindfulness, 12(4), 852–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01549-6
Asensio-Martínez Á, Masluk B, Montero-Marin J, Olivan-Blázquez B, Navarro-Gil MT, García-Campayo J, et al. (2019) Validation of Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short form, in Spanish, general health care services patients sample: Prediction of depression through mindfulness scale. PLoS ONE,14(4), e0214503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214503
Aguado, J., Luciano, J.V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J. & García-Campayo, J. (2015). Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical Spanish samples. Front. Psychol., 6, 404. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404
Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R. Botella, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Eur. J. Psychiat., 26(2), 118-126. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632012000200005
FFMQ - Swedish
FFMQ - SwedishJosefine L. Lilja, Annika Frodi-Lundgren, Jan Johansson Hanse, Torbjörn Josefsson, Lars-Gunnar Lundh, Camilla Sköld, Erling Hansen & Anders G. Broberg (2011) Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire—Reliability and Factor Structure: A Swedish Version. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(4), 291-303. DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2011.580367
FFMQ - Turkish
FFMQ - TurkishHandan Deniz Ayalp & Nesrin Hisli Şahin (2018) Beş Faktörlü Bilgece Farkındalık Ölçeği-Kısa Formu’nun (BFBFÖ-K) Türkçe Uyarlaması [Turkish adaptation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire - Short Form (FFMQ-S)]. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 2018, Issue 3, 117-127.
Fatoş Kınay (2013) BEŞ BOYUTLU BİLİNÇLİ FARKINDALIK ÖLÇEĞİ’Nİ TÜRKÇE’YE UYARLAMA, GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI. İSTANBUL BİLİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ, Master's Thesis.
FFMQ - Ukrainian
FFMQ - UkrainianKaplunenko, Y. & Kuchyna, V. (2022). АДАПТАЦІЯ ТА ВАЛІДИЗАЦІЯ ПʼЯТИФАКТОРНОГО ОПИТУВАЛЬНИКА МАЙНДФУЛНЕС (ПОМ-39) [ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF FIVE FACTOR MINDFULNESS QUESTIONNAIRE]. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, 1(33). https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30032022/7795 The FFMQ Ukrainian version is in the appendix.
FFMQ - Urdu
FFMQ - UrduSayyeda Taskeen Zahra & Saima Riaz (2017) MEDIATING ROLE OF MINDFULNESS IN STRESSRESILIENCE RELATIONSHIP AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 21-32.
FFMQ - Vietnamese
FFMQ - VietnameseNguyen, H.T.M., Nguyen, H.V. & Bui, T.T.H. (2022). The psychometric properties of the Vietnamese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. BMC Psychology, 10, 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-01003-3