Gregg, J.A., Callaghan. G.M., Hayes, S.C., & Glenn-Lawson, J.L. (2007). Improving diabetes self-management through acceptance, mindfulness, and values: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(2), 336-343.

Lundgren, T., Dahl, J., Melin, L., & Kies, B. (2006). Evaluation of acceptance and commitment therapy for drug refractory epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial in South Africa—a pilot study. Epilepsia, 47(12), 2173-2179.

Lundgren, L., Dahl, J., & Hayes, S.C. (2008). Evaluation of mediators of change in the treatment of epilepsy with acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(3), 225,235.

AAQ for use with cancer patients.

Arch, J.J. & Mitchell, J. L. (2016). An acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) group intervention for cancer survivors experiencing anxiety at re-entry. Psycho-Oncology, 25(5), 610-615.

The AAQ-ABI is a 9 item scale assessing both acceptance and avoidance of thoughts that may arise as a result of brain injury. It uses a 5-point Likert scale (0=’not at all true’ to 4=’very true’) with scores ranging from 0 to 36. Higher scores indicate greater psychological inflexibility. The AAQ-ABI correlates highly with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) (rs= .70, N= 75, p< .01) (Whiting et al., in press).

Citations:

Faulkner, J.W., Snell, D.L., Theadom, A., Mahon, S., Barker-Collo, S. & Skirrow, P. (2021) Psychological flexibility in mild traumatic brain injury: an evaluation of measures. Brain Injury, 35(9), 1103-1111, DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1959062

Whiting, D. L., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J., McLeod, H. J., & Simpson, G. K. (2015). Validating measures of psychological flexibility in a population with acquired brain injury. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000050
 

Ong, C.W., Whicker, J.J., Muñoz, K., & Twohig, M.P. (2019). Measuring psychological inflexibility in adult and child hearing loss. International Journal of Audiology, 58(10), 643-650. DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2019.1630759

Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Xiao, Y., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Zhu, H., & Bian, J. (2022). Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Chinese version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Adult Hearing Loss. International Journal of Audiology, 61 (10), 876-881. DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2021.2002954

San Miguel, G.G., Muñoz, K., Barrett,T.S. & Twohig, M.P. (in press) Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Adult Hearing Loss (AAQ-AHL): validation with hearing aid users. International Journal of Audiology. DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2022.2142161

Cooper, E. A. (2009) Acceptance and commitment therapy and depression: the development of a depression specific process measure.  DPsyc (Clin) dissertation, University of
Wollongong. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/795 The AAQ-D is in the appendix.
 

Staats, S. B., & Zettle, R. D. (2011, November). The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Exercise (AAQ-Ex). Poster session presented at the meeting of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Toronto.

Staats, S. B., & Zettle, R. D. (2012, July). Exercise behavior and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Exercise (AAQ-Ex). Poster session presented at the meeting of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, Washington, DC.

Staats, S. B. (2014). Development and Validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Exercise(Unpublished master's thesis). Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.

Staats, S. B. (2014, June).  Development and validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Exercise.  In R. D. Zettle, Relevance of ACT processes in promoting health behaviors: Assessment and intervention: Contextual Medicine SIG sponsored.  Symposium conducted at the world conference of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

***NOTE*** THE 15-ITEM VERSION IS PREFERRED. Please use this one if possible. See attached thesis for normative information on both 15- and 11-item versions (Table 26; p. 89). Thanks! :D

Reneman MF, Kleen M, Trompetter HR, Schiphorst Preuper HR, Köke A, van Baalen B, Schreurs KM. (2014) Measuring avoidance of pain: validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II-pain version. Int J Rehabil Res, 37(2), 125-129. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000044

The AAQ for Obsessions and Compulsions (AAQ-OC) is a 13-item self-report measure of experiential avoidance in response to unwanted intrusive thoughts.

The original paper describing its psychometric properties is published here:

Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. A., Buchholz, J. L., Reuman, L., & Blakey S. M. (2018). Experiential avoidance in the context of obsessions: Development and validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Obsessions and Compulsions. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 19, 34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.07.003.

Abstract: The unwillingness to remain in contact with obsessions and anxiety (i.e., experiential avoidance, EA) may explain how normally occurring unwanted intrusive thoughts develop into clinical obsessions as seen in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Studies examining the relationship between EA and OC symptoms are mixed, potentially because the existing self-report measure of EA (i.e., the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, AAQ-II) is a general measure that does not adequately capture EA specific to obsessions and compulsions. Thus, we aimed to develop and evaluate an OC-specific version of the AAQ-II. First, we used exploratory factor analysis to empirically reduce an initial pool of 49 items (adapted from original AAQ-II items to reference “intrusive thoughts”) to 13 items. A two-factor solution (Valued Action and Willingness) provided the best fit to the data, accounting for 60.57% of the variance. Second, the reduced AAQ-OC was administered, along with other self-report measures, to an independent sample of adults. The AAQ-OC subscales evidenced good internal consistency as well as convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Future work examining the psychometric properties of the AAQ-OC in a clinical sample, as well as the measure's treatment sensitivity are needed.

The AAQ-OC is linked below in PDF format and is downloadable for members. All 13-items are summed to yield a total score of experiential avoidance in response to unwanted intrusive thoughts. There are also two subscales representing impairments in: Valued Action (sum of items 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12) and Willingness (sum of items 2, 5, 7, 11, and 13).

Contact Dr. Ryan Jane Jacoby with questions or comments: rjjacoby@mgh.harvard.edu

References:

Barrett, K., O’Connor, M. & McHugh, L. A. (2019). Systematic Review of Values-Based Psychometric Tools Within Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The Psychological Record, 69, 457–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-019-00352-7

Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. A., Buchholz, J. L., Reuman, L., & Blakey S. M. (2018). Experiential avoidance in the context of obsessions: Development and validation of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Obsessions and Compulsions. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 19, 34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.07.003.

The AAQ-S is a 21 item measure of psychological flexibility/inflexibility with stigmatizing thoughts. The measure includes two subscales (psychological flexibility and psychological inflexibility), which can be analyzed separately or combined into a total score.

The AAQ-S can be downloaded from the Utah State University ACT Research Group.

The citation for the measurement development/validation paper is:

Trigueros, R., Navarro-Gómez, N., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., & Cangas, A. J. (2020). Factorial Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Stigma (AAQ-S) in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 658.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020658

Levin, M.E., Luoma, J.B., Lillis, J., Hayes, S.C. & Vilardaga, R. (2014). Developing a measure of psychological flexibility with stigmatizing thoughts. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 21-26.

The AAQ for Substance Abuse (AAQ-SA) is a measure of psychological flexibility in relation to substance misuse.

The original paper describing it pscychometric properties is:

Luoma, J. B., Drake, C., Hayes, S. C., Kohlenberg, B. (2011). Substance Abuse and Psychological Flexibility: The Development of a New Measure. Addiction Research and Theory, 19(1), 3-13.

The paper can be downloaded here: http://contextualscience.org/node/5681

Below is the abstract of that study

Psychological flexibility is a relatively new clinical construct targeted by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a behavior analytic treatment incorporating mindfulness and values interventions, among other processes. Poor psychological flexibility has been shown to relate to clinical problems as well as normative life challenges, and efforts to increase psychological flexibility have correlated with improvements for a variety of psychological difficulties, including substance abuse. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) is currently the standard measure of psychological flexibility, but in substance misusing samples, has not shown adequate psychometric properties. Content-specific variants of the AAQ have been effective in other treatment domains, suggesting that a substance abuse focused version of the AAQ may be useful. This paper details the construction and initial validation of such a measure, the AAQ-SA, which demonstrated good internal consistency, factor structure, and construct validity. In addition, the AAQ-SA appeared to be empirically distinguishable from the AAQ. Future researchers are advised to address limitations of the current work and encouraged to expand the empirical database on substance abuse treatment with this new measure.

The measure is attached to this webpage along with scoring instructions.

Boffa, J.W., Tock, J.L., Morabito, D.M. et al. Measuring Psychological Inflexibility of Suicidal Thoughts: The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Suicidal Ideation (AAQ-SI). Cogn Ther Res (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10309-w

Bisagni, D., Bisagni, M., & Vaccaro, M. (2018). Mindfulness e flessibilità psicologica nella pratica sportiva: validazione della versione italiana della State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity (SMS-PA) e della versione per lo sport dell’Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) [Mindfulness and psychological flexibility in sport practice: Validation of the italian version of the SMS-PA and the sports version of the AAQ-II]. Psicoterapia cognitiva e comportamentale, 24(2), 153-173.

Pinto-Gouveia, J., Carvalho, T., Cunha, M., Duarte, J., Walser, R.D. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Trauma Specific (AAQ-TS): A study with Portuguese Colonial War Veterans. J Affect Disord., 185, 81-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.023

Houghton DC, Compton SN, Twohig MP, et al. (2014). Measuring the role of psychological inflexibility in Trichotillomania. Psychiatry Research, 220(1-2):356-361. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.003.

Levin, M.E., Krafft, J., Pistorello, J., & Seeley, J.R. (2019) Assessing psychological inflexibility in university students: Development and validation of the acceptance and action questionnaire for university students (AAQ-US). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 12, 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.03.004 The AAQ-US can be downloaded from the Utah State University ACT Research Group.

Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties. The scale and additional information (scoring instructions and a brief summary of psychometric properties) are attached below.

The AAQ-W can also be found on stevenchayes.com

References:

Lillis, J., & Hayes, S.C. (2008). Measuring avoidance and inflexibility in weight related problems. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 4(4), 348-354.

Weineland, S., Lillis, J., & Dahl, J. (2013). Measuring experiential avoidance in a bariatric surgery population--psychometric properties of AAQ-W. Obesity research & clinical practice, 7(6), e464–e475. 

Manwaring, J., Hilbert, A., Walden, K., Bishop, E. R., & Johnson, C. (2018). Validation of the acceptance and action questionnaire for weight-related difficulties in an eating disorder population. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 7, 1-7

References for AAQ-W Revised Versions:

Palmeira, L., Cunha, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Carvalho, S., & Lillis, J. (2016) New developments in the assessment of weight-related experiential avoidance (AAQW-Revised). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(3), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.06.001

Dochat, C., Afari, N., Wooldridge, J.S., Herbert, M.S., Gasperi, M.,  & Lillis, J. (2020) Confirmatory factor analysis of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties-Revised (AAQW-R) in a United States sample of adults with overweight and obesity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 15, 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.01.006

Krafft, J., Ong, C.W., Twohig, M.P., Levin, M.E. (2019) Assessing psychological inflexibility in hoarding: The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Hoarding (AAQH). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 12, 234-242.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.08.003 The AAQH is in the Appendix. The AAQH can be downloaded from the Utah State University ACT Research Group.

Ong, C.W., Krafft, J., Levin, M.E., & Michael P. Twohig, M.P. (2021). A systematic review and psychometric evaluation of self-report measures for hoarding disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.082

The Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS) assesses ACT processes in the context of cigarette smoking. Reference: Gifford, E. V., Antonuccio, D.O, Kohlenberg, B.S., Hayes, S.C., & Piasecki, M.M. (2002). Combining Bupropion SR with acceptance and commitment-based behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavioral Therapy, Reno, NV.

Gifford, E.V., Kohlenberg, B.S., Hayes, S.C., Antonuccio, D.O., Piasecki, M.M., Rasmussen-Hall, M.L., & Palm, K.M. (2004). Acceptance-based treatment for smoking cessation. Behavior Therapy, 35(4):689–705.

Farris, S.G., Zvolensky, M.J., DiBello, A.M., & Schmidt, N.B. (2015). Validation of the Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS) among treatment-seeking smokers. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 467-477. http://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000059

Sandoz, E. K., Wilson, K. G., Merwin, R. M., & Kellum, K. (2013). Assessment of body image flexibility: The Body Image – Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2(1–2), 39-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.03.002

Acceptance and mindfulness components are increasingly incorporated into treatment for eating disorders with promising results. The development of measures of proposed change processes would facilitate ongoing scientific progress. The current series of studies evaluated one such instrument, the Body Image – Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ), which was designed to measure body image flexibility. Study one focused on the generation and reduction of items for the BI-AAQ and a demonstration of construct validity. Body image flexibility was associated with increased psychological flexibility, decreased body image dissatisfaction, and less disordered eating. Study two demonstrated adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability of BI-AAQ. Study three extended findings related to structural and construct validity, and demonstrated an indirect effect of body image dissatisfaction on disordered eating via body image flexibility. Research and clinical utility of the BI-AAQ are discussed. The BI-AAQ is proposed as a measure of body image flexibility, a potential change process in acceptance-oriented treatments of eating disorders.

The BI-AAQ is attached below in .pdf format below and is downloadable for members. All items are summed to yield a score for body image inflexibility or reverse-scored to yield a score for body image flexibility.

Also attached below is a modified version of the BI-AAQ that does not refer specifically to weight and shape.

Contact Emily Sandoz with questions or comments: emilysandoz@louisiana.edu

References: 

Sandoz, E. K., Wilson, K. G., Merwin, R. M., & Kellum, K. (2013). Assessment of body image flexibility: The Body Image – Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2(1–2), 39-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.03.002

Lee, E.B., Smith, B.M., Twohig, M.P., Lensegrav-Benson, T., & Quakenbush-Roberts, B. (2017). Assessment of the body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire in a female residential eating disorder treatment facility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.004

Soulliard, Z.A. & Vander Wal, J. (2022).  Measurement invariance and psychometric properties of three positive body image measures among cisgender sexual minority and heterosexual women. Body Image, 40, 146-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.002

BI-AAQ-5 Short Form

References:

Basarkod, G. Sahdra, B., & Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Body Image–Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–5: An Abbreviation Using Genetic Algorithms. Behavior Therapy, 49(3), 388-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.09.006

Soulliard, Z.A. & Vander Wal, J.S. (2022). Measurement invariance and psychometric properties of three positive body image measures among cisgender sexual minority and heterosexual women. Body Image, 40, 146-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.002

Beacham, A.O.,  Linfield, K., Kinman, C.R., Payne-Murphy, J. (2015). The chronic illness acceptance questionnaire: Confirmatory factor analysis and prediction of perceived disability in an online chronic illness support group sample. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4 (2), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.03.001

Spatola, C.A., Cappella, E.A., Goodwin, C.L., Baruffi, M., Malfatto, G., Facchini, M., et al. (2014) Development and initial validation of the Cardiovascular Disease Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (CVD-AAQ) in an  Italian sample of cardiac patients. Front
Psychol, 5, 1284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01284

This page hosts the adaptation that David Gillanders and Estelle Barker made of the Diabetes Acceptance and Action Questionnre: The DAAS-R. The measure is freely available to members of ACBS for clinical and research purposes (non commercial), with appropriate acknowledgements and citations of the work. The article describing the DAAS-R is available online at JCBS. The citation is:

Gillanders, D. T. & Barker, E. (2019). Development and initial validation of a short form of the Diabetes Acceptance and Action Scale: The DAAS-Revised (DAAS-R). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 14, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.08.005
 

Attached is the author's copy of the manuscript and the final questionnaire.

Losada, A., Márquez-González, M., Romero-Moreno, R., & López, J. (2014). Development and validation of the Experiential Avoidance in Caregiving Questionnaire (EACQ). Aging & mental health, 18(7), 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.896868

FAAQ

Adrienne Juarascio, Evan Forman, C. Alix Timko, Meghan Butryn, Christina Goodwin (2011). The development and validation of the food craving acceptance and action questionnaire (FAAQ). Eating Behaviors, 12(3), 182-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.04.008

Murray, H. B., Zhang, F., Manasse, S. M., Forman, E. M., Butryn, M. L., & Juarascio, A. S. (2022). Validation of the food craving Acceptance and action questionnaire (FAAQ) in a weight loss-seeking sample. Appetite, 168, 105680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105680 (Revised 7-item FAAQ.)
 

Brazilian Portuguese version

Corresponding author: Paola Lucena-Santos. E-mail: paolabc2.lucena@gmail.com WhatsApp: +55 (51) 998055874

Affiliation: CINEICC - Cognitive Behavioral Research Center (Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra) 

AAQ version targetting difficulties in interpersonal interactions

The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. The scale and additional information (scoring instructions and a brief summary of psychometric properties) are attached below.

Please contact Nuno Ferreira for further information.

nuno.ferreira@ed.ac.uk

Pakenham, K.I., & Fleming, M. (2011). Relations between acceptance of multiple sclerosis and positive and negative adjustments. Psychology & Health, 26: 1292-1309.  https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2010.517838

Cheron DM, Ehrenreich JT, Pincus DB. (2009) Assessment of parental experiential avoidance in a clinical sample of children with anxiety disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 40(3):383-403.

Click here for translations of the PAAQ: https://contextualscience.org/parental_acceptance_and_action_questionnaire_paaq

Johles, L., Gustafsson, H., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Classon, C., Hasselqvist, J. & Lundgren, T. (2020) Psychological Flexibility Among Competitive Athletes: A Psychometric Investigation of a New Scale. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.0011  The PFSS was inspired by the AAQ-II and adapted to the sport context to measure the construct of psychological flexibility and the degree to which a person avoids distressing thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or memories. PFSS items are rated on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (never true) to 7 (always true).

Social Anxiety specific AAQ

MacKenzie, M. B. & Kocovski, N. L. (2010). Self-reported acceptance of social anxiety symptoms: Development and validation of the Social Anxiety - Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6, 214 – 232.

The original article and measure/scoring instructions are attached below. 

Bothelius, K., Jernelöv, S., Fredrikson, M., McCracken, L. M., & Kaldo, V. (2015). Measuring Acceptance of Sleep Difficulties: The Development of the Sleep Problem Acceptance Questionnaire. Sleep, 38(11), 1815–1822. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5170
 

Pires, C. P., Putwain, D. W., Hofmann, S. G., Martins, D. S., MacKenzie, M. B., Kocovski, N. L., & Salvador, M. C. (2020). Assessing psychological flexibility in test situations: The Test Anxiety Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Adolescents [Monograph Innovaciones en la Evaluación de los Problemas Emocionales en Niños y Adolescentes]. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology/Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(3), 147-159. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.29014

Galhardo, A., Carvalho, B., Massano-Cardoso, I., Cunha, M. (2020). Assessing teacher-related experiential avoidance: Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Teachers Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (TAAQ-PT). International Journal of School & Educational Psychology,1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1760978

Hinds, E., Jones, L. B., Gau, J. M., Forrester, K. K., & Biglan, A. (2015). Teacher distress and the role of experiential avoidance. Psychology in the Schools, 52(3), 284–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21821

Tinnitus specific AAQ.

References:

Weise, C., Kleinstäuber, M., Hesser, H., Zetterqvist Westin, V. & Andersson, G. (2013). Acceptance of Tinnitus: Validation of the Tinnitus Acceptance Questionnaire. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(2), 100-115. DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2013.781670

Westin, V., Hayes, S. C., & Andersson, G. (2008). Is it the sound or your relationship to it? The role of acceptance in predicting tinnitus impact. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1259-1265. .

The Voices Acceptance and Action Questionnaire.

Reference: Shawyer, F., Ratcliff, K., Mackinnon, A., Farhall, J., Hayes, S.C. & Copolov, D. (2007). The voices acceptance and action scale (VAAS): Pilot data. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(6), 593–606.

Bond, F. W., Lloyd, J., & Guenole, N. (2012). The work-related acceptance and action questionnaire (WAAQ): Initial psychometric findings and their implications for measuring psychological flexibility in specific contexts. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1-25. 

For the full text of the article, follow this link: http://contextualscience.org/WAAQ_Bond_Lloyd_Guenola

Use of the WAAQ: Permission is hereby given to use the WAAQ for IRB/ethics-required research projects that occur in university and non-profit research institutions; in such cases, further author permission is not required. If, however, the WAAQ is to be used in any part of a money making enterprise (e.g., consultancy to organizations), the authors require that you seek their permission before using the measure. —Professor Frank Bond, Dr. Jo Lloyd, Goldsmiths College, University of London, 9, June 2020

Kim J-C. (2019) 신체상에 대한 심리적 경직성이 신체변형장애 증상에 미치는 영향 [The effect of psychological rigidity on body image on the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder].  Thesis. The Korean BIPIS is in Table 3.

Amiri, S. & Yaghoubi, A.. (2017) Psychometric Properties of Body Image Psychological Inflexibility Scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 23 (1), 94-107. https://doi.org/10.18869/NIRP.IJPCP.23.1.94

Al-Arfaj, S.K., Abdallah A.F., & Abdulla, F.A. (2023 in press). Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ) in a sample of patients with chronic pain. Disability and Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2023.2293987

Cheung MN, Wong TC, Yap JC, Chen PP. (2009) Validation of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) in Cantonese-speaking Chinese patients. J Pain, 9(9):823-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2008.04.005

Liu, Y., Wang, L., Wei, Y., Wang, X., Xu, T., & Sun, J. (2016). Validation of a Chinese version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CAPQ) and CPAQ-8 in chronic pain patients. Medicine, 95(33), e4339. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004339

Klocek, A., Řiháček, T., & Cígler, H. (2023). Measuring symptom acceptance: Psychometric evaluation of ‘chronic pain acceptance questionnaire – symptoms’ in a Czech clinical sample. Československá Psychologie, 67(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.67.1.50

la Cour, P., & Højsted, J. (2015). Validation of the Danish-language chronic pain acceptance questionnaire. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 59(10), 1377–1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12567

Ojala, T., Piirainen, A., Sipilä, K., Suutama, T., & Häkkinen, A. (2013). Reliability and validity study of the Finnish version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). Disability and rehabilitation, 35(4), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.694572  The Finnish Translation of the CPAQ is in Appendix 1.

Nilges, P., Köster, B. & Schmidt, C.O. (2007) Schmerzakzeptanz – Konzept und Überprüfung einer deutschen Fassung des Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire. Schmerz, 21, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-006-0508-1

Vasiliou, V. S., Karekla, M., Michaelides, M. P., & Kasinopoulos, O. (2018). Construct validity of the G-CPAQ and its mediating role in pain interference and adjustment. Psychological Assessment, 30(2), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000467

References:

Bernini, O., Rivas, T., & Berrocal, C. (2014). The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire: Preliminary evidence for the predictive validity of patients’ subgroups. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 14(1), 3–20.

Monticone M, Ferrante S, Rocca B, Nava T, Parini C, Cerri C. (2013). Chronic pain acceptance questionnaire: confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and validity in Italian subjects with chronic low back pain. Spine, 38(13):E824-31. http://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182917299

Bernini, O., Pennato, T., Cosci, F., &Berrocal, C. (2010). The Psychometric Properties of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire in Italian Patients with Chronic Pain. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(8):1236-1245. http://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310365576

Takaki Fukumori, Kengo Fujishima, Kazunori Iwasa, Yumiko Takao, Yukino Kobayashi, & Hiroyuki Nishie (2023). Validation of the Japanese version of the 8-item Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ-8). The Journal of Medical Investigation, 70, 88-93. The Japanese version of the CPAQ-8 is in Table 1.

Kengo Fujishima, Takaki Fukumori, Stevetoshihisa Fukuda (2017) Development of the Japanese version of Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-8 (CPAQ-8J): In a sample of university students with chronic pain. The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, 2017, Volume 81, The 81st Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, Session ID 1B-033, Pages 1B-033. https://doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.81.0_1B-033

Cho, S., Heiby, E. M., McCracken, L. M., Moon, D. E., & Lee, J. H. (2012). Psychometric properties of a Korean version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire in chronic pain patients. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 21(6), 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0010-9

Eide, H., Leren, L., & Sørebø, Ø. (2017). The Norwegian versions of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire CPAQ-20 and CPAQ-8 - validation and reliability studies. Disability and rehabilitation, 39(14), 1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1198427

Mesgarian, F; Asghari, A; Shaeiri, MR; Broumand, A. (2012). The Persian Version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1769

Ebrahimi, A., Afshar-Zanjani, H., Goli, F., Rohafza, H. R., & Nasiri Dehsorkh, H. (2022). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire in Patients with Chronic Pain in Isfahan, Tehran, and Yazd, Iran. International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture, 8(1), 65-74. Retrieved from https://ijbmc.org/index.php/ijbmc/article/view/251

Costa, J. & Pinto Gouveia, J. (2009). Aceitação da dor. Abordagem do Chronic Pain Accepatnce Questionnaire (McCracken, Vowles & Eccleston, 2004) na população portuguesa com dor. Revista Psicologia, 23(1), 103-126.

Опросник принятия хронической боли пересмотренный (CPAQ-R)

Rodero, B., García-Campayo, J., Casanueva, B., del Hoyo, Y. L., Serrano-Blanco, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2010). Validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) for the assessment of acceptance in fibromyalgia. Health and quality of life outcomes, 8, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-37

Sánchez-Rodríguez, E., de la Vega, R., Racine, M., Roy, R., Jensen, M. P., & Miró, J. (2019). Support for the Spanish version of the CPAQ-8 as a measure of chronic pain acceptance. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 25(5), 881–888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13092

Hazel Ekin Akmaz, Meltem Uyar, Yasemin Kuzeyli Yıldırım, Esra Akın Korhan (2018). Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire. Balkan Medical Journal, 35(3), 238-244. DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2016.1998

Zure, M., Menekşeoğlu, A.K., & Ketenci, A. (2023). Validation of the Turkish Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-8. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 69(x), i-vi. DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2023.10857

I created this simple little excel file to automate the scoring of the CPAQ.  Just input the raw ratings & it take care of the reverse scoring & summing.

I hope you find it useful.

~Scott Rower

References:

Riedl, D., Rumpold, G., Schmidt, A., Zorowka, P. G., Bliem, H. R., & Moschen, R. (2015). The influence of tinnitus acceptance on the quality of life and psychological distress in patients with chronic tinnitus. Noise & health, 17(78), 374–381. https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.165068

Moschen, R., et al (2019). Validation of the Chronic Tinnitus Acceptance Questionnaire (CTAQ-I): the Italian version. ACTA Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, 39(2). DOI: 10.14639/0392-100X-2144

Molander, P., Andersson, G., & Hesser, H. (2022). Psychological Acceptance in Adults With Hearing Loss—Psychometric Evaluation and Validation of the Hearing Acceptance Questionnaire. Ear and Hearing, 43(6), 1752-1760. DOI: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000001245

Davoudi, M., Lundgren, T., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Saeedipour, Z., & Badinlou, F. (2022). The Psychological Flexibility in Epilepsy Questionnaire (PFEQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian version. Epilepsy & Behavior, 130, 108672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108672

Galhardo, A., Cunha, M., Monteiro, B, & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2020). Assessing psychological inflexibility in infertility: The development and validation study of the Psychological Inflexibility Scale – Infertility (PIS-I). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.006 

Xie CJ, Xu XH, Ou MJ, & Chen YY (2021). Chinese Version of the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale for Cancer Patients Reporting Chronic Pain. Cancer Nursing, 44(3):180-189. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000772
The Chinese Translation of the PIPS scale is at the end of the article.

Bufink, Shanna (2009) A qualitative analysis of three pain scales translated into Dutch: The Psychological Inflexibility Pain Inventory, The Brief Pain Coping Inventory-2, The Brief Pain Response Inventory. Thesis: University of Twente. The Dutch PIPS translation final version is in the Attachments.  Retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/59350/1/scriptie_S_Bufink.pdf 

Martel, M.E., Dionne, F., Gauchet, A. et al (2015) Psychological inflexibility for pain: Translation and validation for a French-speaking population. Poster presented at ACBS Annual World Conference 13. The PIPS items are translated to French.

Barke, A., Riecke, J., Rief, W. et al. (2015). The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) – validation, factor structure and comparison to the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and other validated measures in German chronic back pain patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 16, 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0641-z The German version of the PIPS is in the article's "Additional File."

Vasiliou, V. S., Michaelides, M. P., Kasinopoulos, O., & Karekla, M. (2019). Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale: Greek adaptation, psychometric properties, and invariance testing across three pain samples. Psychological Assessment, 31(7), 895–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000705

Vasiliou, V. S. (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy for primary headache sufferers : a randomized controlled trial. Dissertation: University of Cyprus. Retrieved from https://gnosis.library.ucy.ac.cy/handle/7/39514 The Greek PIPS-II is in Appendix B.

Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS)

Wicksell, R. K., Renöfält, J., Olsson, G. L., Bond, F.W. & Melin, L. (2008). Avoidance and cognitive fusion - central components in pain related disability? Development and preliminary validation of the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS). European Journal of Pain, 12, 491-500.

Versione Italiana (1.0) a cura di Ristè, N., Lijoi, E., Rossi, E., Violini, P., Melchiorri, E., (2014) AISCC, Gruppo Ricerca ACT.

Referenza bibliografica: Lijoi, E., Ristè, N. Melchiorri, E., Rossi, E., Violini, P., Panzera, A.,(2014). Avoidance and cognitive fusion in mental suffering: Adaptation and validation study of an Italian version of the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) in Italian adolescents with psychological distress (2014). Poster presented at ACBS World Conference 12 Poster Session - Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA - June 17-22, 2014.

Per informazioni: segreteria@aiscc.it – www.aiscc.it 

Nagasawa, Y., Shibata, A., Fukamachi, H., et al. (2021). The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS): Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Version for Chronic Low Back Pain and Knee Pain. Journal of Pain Research, 14, 325-332. http://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s287549

Abdollah Omidi, Zahra Zanjani, Mohammad Hosein Fadavi Kashani, Reza Daneshvar Kakhki (2018) The Evaluation of the Construct and Convergent Validity and Reliability of Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale in Individuals With Migraine Headache.  Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12(3), e63132.   DOI : 10.5812/ijpbs.63132

Ghomian S, Shairi MR, Masumian S, et al. (2017). Psychometric feature of the child and parent versions of Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) in children with chronic pain and their parents. Caspian J Pediatr, 3(2), 241-7.
 

Ferreirinha, C. & Galhardo, A. (2018) Estudo da Versão Portuguesa da Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale em Mulheres com Diagnóstico de Endometriose.  ISMT, Dissertation. The Portuguese PIPS is in Appendix D.

Rodero, B., Pereira, J. P., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Casanueva, B., Serrano-Blanco, A., Rodrigues da Cunha Ribeiro, M. J., Luciano, J. V., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2013). Validation of a Spanish version of the psychological inflexibility in pain scale (PIPS) and an evaluation of its relation with acceptance of pain and mindfulness in sample of persons with fibromyalgia. Health and quality of life outcomes, 11, 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-62

Instrumentet mäter psykologisk inflexibilitet vid smärttillstånd och är utvecklat av Rikard Wiksell och medarbetare vid Sektionen för Beteendemedicinsk Smärtbehandling, Smärtcentrum, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset. Du hittar instrumentet här.

Referenser:

Wicksell, R. K., Renöfält, J., Olsson, G. L., Bond, F. W., & Melin, L. (2008). Avoidance and cognitive fusion--central components in pain related disability? Development and preliminary validation of the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS). European journal of pain (London, England), 12(4), 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.08.003

Wicksell, R.K., Ahlqvist, J., Bring, A., Melin, L., & Olsson, G.L. (2008). Can exposure and acceptance strategies improve functioning and life satisfaction in people with chronic pain and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD)? A randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 37(3):169- 182. Se artikeln här.

Wicksell, R.K., Lekander, M., Sorjonen, K., & Olsson, G.L. (2010). The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) – statistical properties and model fit of an instrument to assess change processes in pain related disability. European Journal of Pain, 14, e1-e14. Se artikeln här.

Wicksell, R.K., Olsson, G.L., & Hayes, S.C. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a mediator of improvement in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for patients with chronic pain following whiplash. European Journal of Pain, 41, 1059.e1-1059.e11. Se artikeln här.

Wicksell, R.K., Renofalt, J., Olsson, G.L., Bond, F.W., & Melin, L. (2008). Avoidance and cognitive fusion-central components in pain related disability? Development and preliminary validation of the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS). European Journal of Pain, 12(4):491-500. Se artikeln här.